镥为银白色金属，是稀土元素中最硬和最致密的金属；
熔点1663°C，沸点3395°C，密度9.8404。镥在空气中比较稳定；氧化镥为无色晶体，溶于
酸生成相应的无色盐。镥主要用于研究工作，其它用途很少。质软。溶于稀酸，能与水缓慢作用。盐类无色，氧化物白色。天然存在的同位素有：175Lu和半衰
期为2.1×1010年的β发射体176Lu。自然界储量极少，价格较贵，由氟化镥LuF3•2H2O用钙还原而制得，用于原子能工业。


目录


 


文字释义



  1. 基本释义

  2. 基本字义


元素介绍



  1. 综合性质

  2. 发现

  3. 研究过程

  4. 性质

  5. 资源

  6. 用途

  7. 化学元素周期表


 


文字释义



  1. 基本释义

  2. 基本字义


元素介绍



  1. 综合性质

  2. 发现

  3. 研究过程

  4. 性质

  5. 资源

  6. 用途

  7. 化学元素周期表


展开


编辑本段文字释义


基本释义


镥
拼音:lǔ　繁体字:鑥 　　部首:钅,部外笔画:12,总笔画:17 ; 繁体部首:金,部外笔画:12,总笔画:20
　　五笔86&98:QQGJ　仓颉:XCNWA　
　　笔顺编号:31115352512112511　四角号码:87761　UniCode:CJK 统一汉字 U+9565


基本字义


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
　　● 镥 　　（鑥） 　　lǔㄌㄨˇ 　　◎ 一种金属元素，属稀土金属，自然界中存在的量很少。 　　汉英互译
　　
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
　　◎ 镥 　　lutecium　lutetium 　　English
　　
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
　　◎ lutetium 　　元素名称：镥


编辑本段元素介绍


综合性质


元素名称：镥


 


元
素原子量：175.0 　　体积弹性模量：Gpa：47.6 　　原子化焓：kJ /mol @25℃：98 　　热容：J /（mol•
K）：6.86 　　导电性：10^6/(cm •Ω )：0.0185 　　导热系数：W/（m•K）：6.4
　　熔化热:(千焦/摩尔)：18.60 　　汽化热:(千焦/摩尔)：355.90 　　原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔)：17.78
　　元素在宇宙中的含量:(ppm)：0.00001 　　元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：0.001
　　元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：大西洋表面 0.00000014 　　氧化态：Main Lu+3 　　Other
　　地壳中含量：（ppm）：0.51


 


晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。 晶胞参数： 　　a = 350.31 pm
　　b = 350.31 pm 　　c = 555.09 pm 　　α = 90° 　　β = 90° 　　γ = 120°
　　维氏硬度：1160MPa 　　电离能 (kJ /mol) 　　M - M+ 523.5 　　M+ - M2+ 1340 　　M2+ -
M3+ 2022 　　M3+ - M4+ 4360 　　相对原子质量：174.96 　　常见化合价： +3 　　电负性： 1
　　外围电子排布：4f14 5d1 6s2 　　核外电子排布： 2,8,18,32,9,2 　　同位素及放射线：Lu-172[6.7d]
Lu-173[1.37y] Lu-174[3.3y]s *Lu-175 Lu-176(放 β[3.6E10y]) Lu-177[6.68d]
电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　第一电离能：523.5 KJ•mol-1 　　第二电离能： 1340 KJ•mol-1
　　第三电离能： 0 KJ•mol-1


 


镥


单质密度： 9.85 g/cm3 　　单质熔点： 1656.0 ℃ 　　单质沸点： 3315.0 ℃ 　　原子半径： 2.25 埃 　　离子半径： 0.98(+3) 埃 　　共价半径： 1.56 埃


发现


发
现人：乌尔班（G.Urbain） 发现年代：1906年 　　发现过程：1906年由乌尔班（G.Urbain）发现的。
　　稀土元素的发现从18世纪末到20世纪初，经历了100多年，发现了数十个，但只肯定了其中的十几个。镥是20世纪初发现并肯定的稀土元素。这是
1907年法国化学家乌尔班从镱中分离出来的。镥的拉丁名称来自法国巴黎的古名，是乌尔班的出生地。镥和另一个稀土元素铕的发现就完成了自然界中存在的所
有稀土元素的发现。它们俩的发现可以认为是打开了稀土元素发现的第四座大门，完成了稀土元素发现的第四阶段。


研究过程


镥是稀土金属之一。稀土是历史遗留的名称，从18世纪末叶开始被


 


元素周期表·镥


陆
续发现。当时人们惯于把不溶于水的固体氧化物称作土，例如把氧化铝叫做陶土，氧化镁叫苦土。稀土是以氧化物状态分离出来，很稀少，因而得名稀土，稀土元素
的原子序数是21（Sc）、39（Y）、57（La）至71（Lu）。它们的化学性质很相似，这是由于核外电子结构特点所决定的。它们一般均生成三价化合
物。钪的化学性质与其它稀土差别明显，一般稀土矿物中不含钪。钷是从铀反应堆裂变产物中获得，放射性元素147Pm半衰期2.7年。过去认为钷在自然界中
不存在，直到1965年，荷兰的一个磷酸盐工厂在处理磷灰石中，才发现了钷的痕量成分。 　　因此中国1968年将钷划入64种有色金属之外。
1787年瑞典人阿累尼斯（C.A.Arrhenius）在斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm）附近的伊特比（Ytterby）小镇上寻得了一块不寻常的黑
色矿石，1794年芬兰化
学家加多林（J.Gadolin）研究了这种矿石，从其中分离出一种新物质，三年后（1797年），瑞典人爱克伯格（A.G.Ekeberg）证实了这一
发现，并以发现地名给新的物质命名为Ytteia(钇土)。后来为了纪念加多林，称这种矿石为Gadolinite(加多林矿，即硅铍钇矿)。
1803年德国化
学家克拉普罗兹（M.H.Klaproth）和瑞典化学家柏齐力阿斯（J.J.Berzelius）及希生格尔（W.Hisinger）同时分别从另一矿
石（铈硅矿）中发现了另一种新的物质---铈土（Ceria）。1839年瑞典人莫桑得尔（C.G.Mosander）发现了镧和镨钕混合物
（didymium）。 　　1885年奥地利人威斯巴克（A.V.Welsbach）从莫桑得尔认为是“新元素”
的镨钕混合物中发现了镨和钕。1879年法国人布瓦普德朗（L.D.Boisbauder）发现了钐。1901年法国人德马尔赛
（E.A.Demarcay）发现了铕。1880年瑞士马利纳克（J.C.G.De
Marignac）发现了钆。1843年莫桑得尔发现了铽和铒。1886年布瓦普德朗发现了镝。1879年瑞典人克利夫（P.T.Cleve）发现了钬和
铥。1974年美国人马瑞斯克（J.A.Marisky）等从铀裂产物中得到钷。1879年瑞典人尼尔松（L.F.Nilson）发现了钪。从1794年
加多林分离出钇土至1947年制得钷，历时150多年。


性质


镥的稀土金属是光泽介于银和铁之间。杂质含量对它们的性质影响很大，


 


稀土-氧化镥


因
而载于文献中物理性质常有明显差异。镧在6°K时是超导体。大多数稀土金属呈现顺磁性，钆在0℃时比铁具有更强的铁磁性。铽、镝、钬、铒等在低温下也呈现
铁磁性。镧、铈的低熔点和钐、铕、镱的高蒸气压表现出稀土金属的物理性质有极大差异。钐、铕、钆的热中子吸收截面比广泛用于核反应堆控制材料的镉、硼还
大。稀土金属具有可塑性，以钐和意为最好。除镱外，钇组稀土较铈组稀土具有更高的硬度。
　　稀土金属的化学活性很强。当和氧作用时，生成稳定性很高的R2O3型氧化物（R表示稀土金属）。铈、镨、铽还生成CeO2、Pr6O11、TbO2型
氧化物。它们的标准生成热和标准自由焓负值比钙、铝、镁氧化物的值还大。稀土氧化物的熔点在2000℃以上，铕的原子半径最大，性质最活泼，在室温下暴露
于空气中立即失去光泽，很快氧化成粉末。镧、铈是、镨、钕也易于氧化，在表面生成氧化物薄膜。金属钇、钆、
镥的抗腐蚀性强，能较长时间地保持其金属光泽。稀土金属能以不同速率与水反应。铕与冷水剧烈反应释放出氢。铈组稀土金属在室温下与水反应缓慢，温度增高则
反应加快。钇组稀土金属则较为稳定。稀土金属在高温下与卤素反应生成+2、+3、+4价的卤化物。无水卤化物吸水性很强，很容易水解生成ROX（X表示卤
素）型卤氧化合物。稀土金属还能和硼、碳、硫、氢、氮反应生成相应的化合物。


资源


目前
世界上已知的稀土矿物及含有稀土元素的矿物有250多种，稀土元素含量较高的矿物有60多种，有工业价值的不到10种。中国稀土资源极其丰富，其特点可概
括为：储量大、品种全、有价值的元素含量高、分布广。中国稀土的工业储量（按氧化物计）是国外稀土工业储量的2.2倍。国外稀土资源集中在美国、印度、巴
西、澳大利亚和苏联等国，工业储量（按氧化物计）为701.11万吨。


用途


稀土金属及其
合金在炼钢中起脱氧脱硫作用，能使两者的含量降低到0.001%以下，并改变夹杂物的形态，细化晶粒，从而改善钢的加工性能，提高强度、韧性、耐腐蚀性和
抗氧化性等。稀土金属及其合金用于制造球墨铸铁、高强灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁，能改变铸铁中石墨的形态，改善铸造工艺，提高铸铁的机械性能。在青铜和黄铜冶炼中
添加少量的稀土金属能提高合金的强度、延伸率、耐热性和导电性。在铸造铝硅合金中添加1%-1.5%的稀土金属，可以提高高温强度。在铝合金导线中添加稀
土金属，能提高抗张强度和耐腐蚀性。Fe-Cr-Al电热合金中添加0.3%的稀土金属，能提高抗氧化能力，增加电阻率和高温强度。在钛及其合金中添加稀
土金属能细化晶粒，降低蠕变率，改善高温抗腐蚀性能。用铈族混合稀土氯化物和富镧稀土氯化物制备的微球分子筛，用于石油催化裂化过程。稀土金属和过渡金属
复合氧化物催化剂用于氧化净化，能使一氧化碳和碳氢化物转化为二氧化碳和水。镨钕环烷—烷基铝—氯化烷基铝三元体系催化剂用于合成橡胶。
　　稀土抛光粉用于各种玻璃器件的抛光。单一的高纯稀土氧化物用于合成各种荧光体，如彩色电视红
色荧光粉、投影电视白色荧光粉等荧光材料。稀土金属碘化物用于制造金属卤素灯，代替碳精棒电弧灯作照明光源。用稀土金属制备的稀土—钴硬磁合金，具有高剩
磁、高矫顽力的优点。钇铁石榴石铁氧体是用高纯Y2O3和氧化铁制成单晶或多晶的铁磁材料。它们用于微波器件。高纯Gd2O3用于制备钇镓石榴石，它的单
晶用作磁泡的基片。金属镧和
镍制成的LaNi5贮氢材料，吸氢和放氢速度快，每摩尔LaNi5可贮存6.5—6.7摩尔氢。在原子能工业中，利用铕和钆的同位素的中子吸收截面大的特
性，作轻水堆和快中子增殖堆的控制棒和中子吸收剂。稀土元素作为微量化肥，对农作物有增产效果。打火石是稀土发火合金的传统用途，目前仍是铈组稀土金属的
重要用途。


 


引用出處： 


 http://baike.baidu.com/view/38243.htm


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镱：原子序数
70，原子量173.04，元素名来源于它的发现地。1878年马里尼亚克从铒土中分离出镱的氧化物，1907年于尔班和韦耳斯指出马里尼亚克分离出的是
氧化镥和氧化镱的混合物。镱在地壳中的含量为0.000266%，主要存在于磷钇矿和黑稀金矿中，有7种天然同位素。


纠错 编辑摘要


目录



  • 1 概述

  • 2 性质

  • 3 发现及来源

  • 4 特性

  • 5 发展历史


  •  





  • 1 概述

  • 2 性质

  • 3 发现及来源

  • 4 特性

  • 5 发展历史

  • 6 主要用途

  • 7 科技应用

  • 8 参考资料



 


镱 - 概述


镱


 


镱为银白色金属，有延展性，质较软；熔点819±5°C，沸点1194°C，密度6.972克/厘米³。室温下镱能被空气和水缓慢氧化，氧化镱无色；镱可溶于酸生成无色盐。镱粒子是重要的发光材料敏化剂；镱170可用于医疗诊断。


银白色软金属，有光泽，易氧化，在空气中缓慢地被腐蚀，溶于稀酸和液氨。能与水缓慢作用，二价盐为绿色，可溶于水，并与水反应，缓慢地释放出氢气；三价盐无色。氧化物呈白色。镱在自然界中地同位素有：168Yb、170Yb~175Yb。


 


镱 - 性质


 


元素名称：镱


元素原子量：173.0


元素类型：金属


体积弹性模量：Gpa：30.5


原子化焓：kJ /mol @25℃：180


热容：J /（mol• K）：6.74 


导电性：10^6/(cm •Ω  )：0.0351


导热系数：W/（m•K）：8.5


熔化热:(千焦/摩尔) ：.660


醋酸镱


 


汽化热:(千焦/摩尔) ：128.90


原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔) ：24.79


元素在宇宙中的含量:(ppm)：0.002


元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：.001


元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：大西洋表面  0.0000005


地壳中含量：（ppm）：3.3


原子序数：70


元素符号：Yb


 


相对原子质量：173.0


核内质子数：70


核外电子数：70


核电核数：70


质子质量：1.1711E-25


质子相对质量：70.49


所属周期：6


所属族数：IIIB


摩尔质量：173


密度：6.98


熔点：824.0


沸点：1466.0


外围电子排布：4f14 6s2


氧化态：Main  Yb+2, Yb+3


 


核外电子排布：2,8,18,32,8,2


晶体结构：晶胞为面心立方晶胞，每个晶胞含有4个金属原子。


 


晶胞参数：


a = 548.47 pm


b = 548.47 pm


c = 548.47 pm


α = 90°


β = 90°


γ = 90°


 


维氏硬度：206MPa   


声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 1590


 


电离能 (kJ /mol) 


M - M+ 603.4


M+ - M2+ 1176


M2+ - M3+ 2415


M3+ - M4+ 4220


 


颜色和状态：金属


原子半径：2.4


常见化合价+2,+3  


 


镱 - 发现及来源


 


发现人：马里纳克（J.C.G.Marignac）   


发现年代：1878年瑞士


发现过程：1878年，由马里纳克（J.C.G.Marignac）首先分离出镱的化合物；1907年由乌尔班（G.Urbain）指出马里纳克分离出的镱是由镥和现在已知的镱两个元素组成的。


元
素来源：在某些矿石中与钇及其他有关元素共存(如磷钇矿、硅铍钇矿),二价镱形成绿色盐,三价镱为无色盐元素，在核反应中照射169Tm,生成
170Tm,半衰期为129天，这个同位素克发射出很强的X射线。用它来制造常由氧化镱Yb2O3用钙还原而制得。也可用蒸馏法制备。


用途：用于冶金，用于制造特种合金。


 


镱 - 特性


金
属镱为银灰色，有延展性，质地较软，室温下镱能被空气和水缓慢氧化。与钐和铕相类似样，镱属于变价稀土，除通常呈正三价外，也可以呈正二价状态。由于这种
变价特性，制备金属镱不宜用电解法，而采用还原蒸馏法进行制备和提纯。通常以金属镧为还原剂，利用镱金属高蒸汽压和镧金属低蒸气压的差别进行还原蒸馏。也
可以采用铥镱镥富集物为原料，以金属镧为还原剂，在＞1100℃和＜0.133Pa的高温真空条件下，通过还原-蒸馏的方法直接提取金属镱。象钐和铕一
样，镱也可采用湿法还原进行分离和提纯。通常采用铥镱镥富集物为原料，溶解后将镱还原成二价状态，造成显著的性质差异后将其与其它三价稀土进行分离。制取
高纯氧化镱通常采用萃取色层法或离子交换法。


 


镱 - 发展历史


1842
年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后，不少化学家利用光谱分析鉴定，确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物，这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它们。1878
年瑞士化
学家马里纳克从饵土中分离出一个新元素的氧化物，把这个新元素成为ytterbium，符号为Yb，我们翻译为镱。这一名称和钇、铒、铽的命名一样，都是
来自首先发现了钇矿的瑞典的乙特比（Ytterby）小镇。随着镱以及其他一些稀土元素的发现，完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。


 


1878
年，瑞士化学家查尔斯（Jean Charles）和马利格纳克（G.de
Marignac）在“铒”中发现了一种新的稀土元素，为了纪念钇矿石发现地——斯德哥尔摩附近那个名叫伊特比（Yteerby）的小村，把这个新元素命
名为Ytterbium，元素符号为Yb,汉译名称为“镱”—是该元素的专用汉字。


镱在镧系元素中虽然排在铥之后，但其地壳丰度达却到
3.3ppm，不但高于铽钬铥镥等其它中重稀土，甚至高于铕（2.2
ppm）。镱主要存在于离子型稀土矿、磷钇矿和黑稀金矿等中重稀土矿物中，有7种天然同位素。在江西寻乌中钇富铕离子型矿中，镱在稀土中的配分高于铕，在
龙南高钇离子型矿中，镱的配分约是铕的10倍。


 


镱 - 主要用途


 


镱
作为重稀土元素，由于可利用的资源有限，产品价格昂贵，限制了其用途研究。随着光纤通讯和
激光等高新技术的出现，镱才逐渐找到大显身手的应用舞台。近年来，镱在光纤通讯和激光技术两大领域崭露头角并得到迅速发展。随着“信息高速公路”的建设发
展,计算机网络和长距离光纤传输系统对光通讯用的光纤材料性能要求越来越高。镱离子由于拥有优异的光谱特性，可以象铒和铥一样，被用作光通讯的光纤放大材
料。尽管稀土元素铒至今仍是制备光纤放大器的主角，但传统的掺铒石英光纤增益带宽较小（30nm），已难以满足高速大容量信息传输的要求。而Yb3+离子
在980nm附近具有远大于Er3+离子的吸收截面,通过Yb3+的敏化作用和铒镱的能量传递，可使1530nm光得到大大加强，从而大大提高光的放大效
率。


 


近年来，铒镱共掺的磷酸盐玻璃受到越来越多研究者的青睐。磷酸盐和氟磷酸盐玻璃具有较好的化学稳
定性和热稳定性，并具有较宽的红外透过性能和大的非均匀展宽特性,是宽带高增益掺铒放大光纤玻璃的理想材料。若在其中引入Yb3+离子，制成铒镱共掺光
纤，就可大大改善光纤放大性能。中国研制的高浓度铒镱共掺磷酸盐光纤（纤芯直径7μm、数值孔径为0.2）适用于全波放大器。利用980nm半导体激光
器，在1.5μm的通信窗口对小信号实现了3.8dB的净增益，单位长度增益达2.5dB/cm，比目前商用石英放大器高出两个数量级。


 


掺
Yb3+光纤放大器可以实现功率放大和小信号放大，因而可用于光纤传感器、自由空间激光通信和超短脉冲放大等领域。中国目前已建成世界上单信道容量最大、
速率最快的光传输系统，拥有世界上最宽的信息高速公路。掺镱和其它稀土的光纤放大及激光材料在其中均发挥了关键性巨大的作用。镱的光谱特性还被用作优质激
光材料，既被用作激光晶体，也被用作激光玻璃、和光纤激光器。


 


掺镱激光晶体作为高功率激光材料已形成一个庞大的系列，包括
有掺镱钇铝石榴石（Yb：YAG）、掺镱钆镓石榴石（Yb：GGG）、掺镱氟磷酸钙（Yb：FAP）、掺镱氟磷酸锶（Yb：S-FAP）、掺镱钒酸钇
（Yb：YV04）、掺镱硼酸盐和硅酸盐等。半导体激光器（LD）是固体激光器的
一种新型泵浦源。Yb：YAG具有许多特点适合高功率LD泵浦，已成为大功率LD泵浦用激光材料。Yb：S-FAP晶体将来有可能用作实现激光核聚变的激
光材料，引起人们的关注。在可调谐激光晶体中，有掺铬镱钬钇铝镓石榴石（Cr，Yb，Ho：YAGG），其波长在2.84～3.05μm之间连续可调。据
统计，世界上用的导弹红外寻弹头大部分是采用3-5μm的中波红外探测器，因此研制Cr，Yb，Ho：YSGG激光器，可对中红外制导武器对抗提供有效干
扰，具有重要的军事意义。 


 


镱 - 科技应用


目前中国在掺
镱激光晶体（Yb:YAG、Yb:FAP、Yb:SFAP等）方面，已取得一系列具有国际先进水平的创新性成果，解决了晶体的生长以及激光快速、脉冲、连
续、可调节输出等多项关键技术，研究成果已在国防、工业和科学工程等方面获得实际应用，掺镱晶体产品已出口美国、日本等多个国家与地区。镱激光材料的另一
个大类是激光玻璃。已开发出锗碲酸盐、硅铌酸盐、硼酸盐和磷酸盐等多种高发射截面的激光玻璃。由于玻璃易成型可以制成大尺寸，并具有高光透和高均匀性等特
点，可制


氟化镱


成
大功率激光器。过去人们熟悉的稀土激光玻璃主要是钕玻璃，它已有40多年的发展历史，制作和应用技术成熟，一直是大功率激光装置的首选材料，已被用于核聚
变实验装置和激光武器等方面。中国建成的由激光钕玻璃为主要激光介质的神光1号和神光2号大功率激光装置，已达到世界先进水平。但激光钕玻璃如今却遇到了
激光镱玻璃的有力挑战。


 


近年来的大量研究表明，激光镱玻璃的许多性能超过了钕玻璃。由于掺镱发光只有两个能级，储能效率
高，在相同增益时镱玻璃储能效率比钕玻璃高16倍，荧光寿命也是钕玻璃的3倍，同时还具有掺杂浓度高、吸收带宽、可直接用半导体泵浦等优点，非常适用于大
功率激光器使用。但镱激光玻璃的实用还往往要借助于钕的协助，如采用Nd3+作为敏化剂才能使镱激光玻璃在室温下运转，并在1
06μm波长处实现激光发射。所以说，镱和钕在激光玻璃方面既是竞争对手，同时又是相互协作的伙伴。


 


通过调节玻璃成分，可
以提高镱激光玻璃的诸多发光性能。以发展高功率激光器为主要方向，用镱激光玻璃制造的激光器越来越广泛地应用于现代工业、
农业、医学、科学研究和军事方面。将核聚变产生的能量作为能源一直是人们期待的目标，实现受控核聚变将是人类解决能源问题的重要手段。掺镱激光玻璃以其优
异的激光性能正在成为21世纪实现惯性约束核聚变（ICF）升级换代首选材料。激光武器是利用激光束的巨大能量，对目标进行打击破坏，可以产生上亿度的高
温，以光的速度直接攻击，可以指那打那，具有极大的杀伤力，尤其适用于现代战争的防空武器系统。掺镱激光玻璃的优异性能已使它成为制造高功率和高性能激光
武器的重要基础材料。


 


光纤激光器是当今迅猛发展起来的一项新技术，也属于激光玻璃应用范畴。光纤激光器就是用光纤作激光
介质的激光器，是光纤与激光技术相结合的产物，是在掺饵光纤放大器（EDFA）技术基础上发展起来的激光新技术。光纤激光器以半导体激光二极管作
为泵源，以光纤作为波导和增益介质，同时采用光栅光纤、偶合器等光学元件组合而成。它无需光路机械调整，机构紧凑便于集成。与传统固体激光器和半导体激光
器相比，具有光束质量高、稳定性好、抗环境干扰性强、免调节、免维护、结构小巧等技术和性能优势。由于掺杂的离子主要是Nd＋3、Yb＋3、Er＋3、
Tm＋3、Ho＋3，都是以稀土光纤作为增益介质，所以目前开发出来的光纤激光器也可称作是稀土光纤激光器。


 


高功率掺镱
双包层光纤激光是近年国际上固体激
光技术中的一个热点领域。它具有光束质量好、结构紧凑、转换效率高等优点，在工业加工等领域中有广泛的应用前景。双包层掺镱光纤适合于半导体激光器泵浦，
具有耦合效率高和激光输出功率高等特点，是掺镱光纤的主要发展方向。目前中国的双包层掺镱光纤技术与国外先进水平已不相上下。中国研制的掺镱光纤、双包层
掺镱光纤以及铒镱共掺光纤在性能和可靠性方面均已达到国外同类产品先进水平，具有成本优势，并拥有多项产品和方法的核心专利技术。


镱面灯


 


 


世
界著名的德国IPG
激光公司日前宣布，他们新近推出的掺镱光纤激光器系统，具有非常优异的光束特性，有大于50,000小时的泵浦寿命，中心发射波长为1070nm-
1080n，输出功率可高达到20KW，已被应用于精细焊接、切割和岩石钻探等方面。激光材料是发展激光技术的核心和基础。在激光界历来有“一代材料，一
代器件”的说法。必须先拥有性能优异的激光材料，综合其它相关技术，才能开发出先进实用的激光器件。掺镱激光晶体和激光玻璃作为固体激光材料的生力军正在
推进光纤通讯和激光技术的创新发展，尤其是在高功率核聚变激光器、高能量拍瓦（PW，即1015W）激光器、高能量武器激光器等尖端激光技术方面将作出重
要贡献。


 


镱还被用于荧光粉激活剂、无线电陶瓷、电子计算机记忆元件（磁泡）添加剂和光学玻璃添加剂等。需要指出的是，镱
（Ytterbium）和钇（Yttrium）同属稀土元素，虽然英文名称和元素符号差别明显，但汉语拼音却音节相同，在某些汉语译文引用中有时误把钇当
作镱，这时就需要我们追寻原文并结合元素符号来加以确认。


 


引用出處： 


 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%95%B1


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City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan


Welcome to BW
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tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our
customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die,
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cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please
feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer. 


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Ytterbium ( /ɪˈtɜrbiəm/ i-TUR-bee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Yb
and atomic number 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a
rare earth element of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals
gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is sometimes associated
with yttrium or other related elements and is used in certain steels.
Natural ytterbium is a mix of seven stable isotopes. Ytterbium-169, an
artificially produced isotope, is used as a gamma ray source.


 


 


Contents


[hide]



  • 1 Characteristics

    • 1.1 Physical properties

    • 1.2 Chemical properties

    • 1.3 Compounds

    • 1.4 Isotopes



  • 2 History

  • 3 Occurrence

  • 4 Production

  • 5 Applications

    • 5.1 Source of gamma rays

    • 5.2 Doping of stainless steel

    • 5.3 Yb as dopant of active media

    • 5.4 Others



  • 6 Precautions

  • 7 See also

  • 8 References

  • 9 Further reading

  • 10 External links


[edit] Characteristics


[edit] Physical properties


Ytterbium
is a soft, malleable and rather ductile element that exhibits a bright
silvery luster. A rare earth element, it is easily attacked and
dissolved by mineral acids, slowly reacts with water, and oxidizes in
air.[2]


Ytterbium has three allotropes which are called alpha,
beta and gamma and whose transformation points are at −13 °C and 795 °C.
The beta form exists at room temperature and has a face-centered
crystal structure while the high-temperature gamma form has a
body-centered crystal structure.[2]


Normally, the beta form has a
metallic-like electrical conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when
exposed to around 16,000 atm (1.6 GPa). Its electrical resistivity is
tenfold larger at about 39,000 atm (3.9 GPa) but then drops
dramatically, to around 10% of its room temperature resistivity value,
at 40,000 atm (4 GPa).[2][3]


Contrary to other rare-earth metals,
which show antiferromagnetic and/or ferromagnetic ordering at low
temperatures, Yb is paramagnetic at any temperatures above 1 K.[4]


It has a melting point of 824°C and a boiling point of 1196°C: this makes it have a narrower liquid range than any other metal.


[edit] Chemical properties


Ytterbium
metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 200 °C to form
ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3) or less stable ytterbium monoxide (YbO).


Ytterbium
is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite
quickly with hot water to form ytterbium hydroxide:


 


2 Yb (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Yb(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


Ytterbium metal reacts with all the halogens:


 


2
Yb (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 YbF3 (s) [white]2 Yb (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 YbCl3
(s) [white]2 Yb (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 YbBr3 (s) [white]2 Yb (s) + 3 I2 (g)
→ 2 YbI3 (s) [white]


Ytterbium(III) ion absorbs light in the near
infrared spectral range, but not in the visible region, so that
ytterbia is white, and ytterbium salts of colorless anions are also
colorless. Ytterbium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form
solutions containing the colorless Yb(III) ions, which exist as a
[Yb(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[5]


 


2 Yb (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Yb3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−


4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


[edit] Compounds


Ytterbium
shows similar chemical behavior to the rest of the lanthanide group.
Most of the compounds are found in the oxidation state +3, the salts in
that oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium or
thulium trihalogenes can be reduced by hydrogen or by addition of the
metal reduced to the dihalogens, in this case the for example YbCl2.
The oxidation state +2 reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline
earth metal compounds, for example the Ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows
the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).[6]



  • Halides: YbCl2, YbBr3, YbCl3, YbF3

  • Oxides: Yb2O3


See also: Category:Ytterbium compounds


[edit] Isotopes


Main article: Isotopes of ytterbium


Naturally
occurring ytterbium is composed of 7 stable isotopes: Yb-168, Yb-170,
Yb-171, Yb-172, Yb-173, Yb-174, and Yb-176, with Yb-174 being the most
abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been
characterized, with the most stable being Yb-169 with a half-life of
32.026 days, Yb-175 with a half-life of 4.185 days, and Yb-166 with a
half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have
half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have
half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12 meta
states, with the most stable being Yb-169m (t½ 46 seconds).


The
isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 u (Yb-148)
to 180.9562 u (Yb-181). The primary decay mode before the most abundant
stable isotope, Yb-174 is electron capture, and the primary mode after
is beta emission. The primary decay products before Yb-174 are element
69 (thulium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 71
(lutetium) isotopes. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different
ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose-Einstein statistics or
Fermi-Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical
lattices.


[edit] History


Ytterbium was
discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in
the year 1878. Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as
erbia and named it ytterbia (after Ytterby, the Swedish village where
he found the new erbia component). He suspected that ytterbia was a
compound of a new element he called ytterbium.[3]


In 1907, the
French chemist Georges Urbain separated Marignac's ytterbia into two
components: neoytterbia and lutecia. Neoytterbia would later become
known as the element ytterbium, and lutecia would later be known as the
element lutetium. Auer von Welsbach independently isolated these
elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but called them
aldebaranium and cassiopeium.[3]


The chemical and physical
properties of ytterbium could not be determined until 1953, when the
first nearly pure ytterbium was produced.[3] The price of ytterbium was
relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US$ 1,000/kg.[7]


[edit] Occurrence


 


 


 


 


Euxenite


Ytterbium
is found with other rare earth elements in several rare minerals. It is
most often recovered commercially from monazite sand (0.03% ytterbium).
The element is also found in euxenite and xenotime. The main mining
areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia;
and reserves of ytterbium are estimated as about one million tonnes.
Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but
ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the mid to
late 20th century have simplified separation. Known compounds of
ytterbium are rare—they haven't been well characterized yet. The
abundance of ytterbium in the Earth crust is about 3 mg/kg.[3]


The
most important current (2008) sources of ytterbium are the ionic
adsorption clays of southern China. The "High Yttrium" concentrate
derived from some versions of these comprise about two thirds yttria by
weight, and 3-4% ytterbia. As an even-numbered lanthanide, in
accordance with the Oddo-Harkins rule, ytterbium is significantly more
abundant than its immediate neighbors, thulium and lutetium, which
occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The world
production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting
the fact that it finds little commercial application.[3]


[edit] Production


Recovery
of ytterbium from ores involves several processes which are common to
most rare-earth elements: 1) processing, 2) separation of Yb from other
rare earths, 3) preparation of the metal. If the starting ore is
gadolinite, it is digested with hydrochloric or nitric acid which
dissolves the rare-earth metals. The solution is treated with sodium
oxalate or oxalic acid to precipitate rare earths as oxalates. For
euxenite, ore is processed either by fusion with potassium bisulfate or
with hydrofluoric acid. Monazite or xenotime are heated either with
sulfuric acid or with caustic soda.


Ytterbium is separated from
other rare earths either by ion exchange or by reduction with sodium
amalgam. In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent
rare earths is treated with molten sodium mercury alloy, which reduces
and dissolves Yb3+. The alloy is treated with hydrochloric acid. The
metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide
by heating. The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with lanthanum,
aluminium, cerium or zirconium in high vacuum. The metal is purified by
sublimation and collected over a condensed plate.[8]


[edit] Applications


[edit] Source of gamma rays


The
169Yb isotope has been used as a radiation source substitute for a
portable X-ray machine when electricity was not available. Like X-rays,
gamma rays pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by
bones and other dense materials. Thus, small 169Yb samples (which emit
gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for radiography of small
objects. Experiment shows that radiographs taken with 169Yb source are
roughly equivalent to those taken with X-rays having energies between
250 and 350 keV.[9]


[edit] Doping of stainless steel


Ytterbium
could also be used to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and
other mechanical properties of stainless steel. Some ytterbium alloys
have been used in dentistry.[2][3]


[edit] Yb as dopant of active media


Yb
is used as dopant in optical materials, usually in the form of ions in
active laser media. Several powerful double-clad fiber lasers and disk
lasers use Yb3+ ions as dopant at concentration of several atomic
percent. Glasses (optical fibers), crystals and ceramics with Yb3+ are
used.[10]


Ytterbium is often used as a doping material (as Yb3+)
for high power and wavelength-tunable solid state lasers. Yb lasers
commonly radiate in the 1.06–1.12 µm band being optically pumped at
wavelength 900 nm–1 µm, dependently on the host and application. Small
quantum defect makes Yb prospective dopant for efficient lasers and
power scaling.[11]


The kinetic of excitations in Yb-doped
materials is simple and can be described within concept of effective
cross-sections; for the most of Yb-doped laser materials (as for many
other optically pumped gain media), the McCumber relation
holds,[10][12][13] although the application to the Yb-doped composite
materials was under discussion.[14][15]


Usually, low
concentrations of Yb are used. At high concentration of excitations, the
Yb-doped materials show photodarkening[16] (glass fibers) or ever
switch to the broadband emission [17] (crystals and ceramics) instead
of the efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only
overheating, but also conditions of the charge compensation at high
concentration of Yb ions.[18]


[edit] Others


Ytterbium
metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high
stresses. This property is used in stress gauges to monitor ground
deformations from earthquakes and explosions.[19]


[edit] Precautions


Although
ytterbium is fairly stable, it nevertheless should be stored in closed
containers to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of
ytterbium should be treated as highly toxic although initial studies
appear to indicate that the danger is limited. Ytterbium compounds are,
however, known to cause skin and eye irritation and may be
teratogenic.[20] Metallic ytterbium dust poses a fire and explosion
hazard.


 


引用出處： 


 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium


歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/
/ FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North
Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao
City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan


Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our
customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die,
aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in
cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please
feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.


Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com


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Thulium ( /ˈθjuːliəm/ THEW-lee-əm) is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm
and atomic number 69. Thulium is the least abundant of the lanthanides
(promethium is less abundant than thulium, but it is not found naturally
on Earth). It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray
luster. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the
radiation source in portable X-ray devices and in solid-state lasers.


 


 


Contents


[hide]



  • 1 Properties

    • 1.1 Physical properties

    • 1.2 Chemical properties

    • 1.3 Isotopes



  • 2 History

  • 3 Occurrence and production

  • 4 Applications

    • 4.1 Laser

    • 4.2 X-ray source

    • 4.3 Others



  • 5 Biological role and precautions

  • 6 See also

  • 7 References

  • 8 External links


[edit] Properties


[edit] Physical properties


Pure
thulium metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in
air, but should be protected from moisture. The metal is soft,
malleable, and ductile.[1] Thulium is ferromagnetic below 32 K,
antiferromagnetic between 32 and 56 K and paramagnetic above 56 K.[2]


[edit] Chemical properties


Thulium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 °C to form thulium(III) oxide:


 


4 Tm + 3 O2 → 2 Tm2O3


Thulium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide:


 


2 Tm (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Tm(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


Thulium reacts with all the halogens. Reactions are slow at room temperature, but are vigorous above 200 °C:


 


2
Tm (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 TmF3 (s) [white]2 Tm (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 TmCl3
(s) [yellow]2 Tm (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 TmBr3 (s) [white]2 Tm (s) + 3 I2
(g) → 2 TmI3 (s) [yellow]


Thulium dissolves readily in dilute
sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the pale green Tm(III) ions,
which exist as a [Tm(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[3]


 


2 Tm (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Tm3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−


4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


Thulium
reacts with various metallic and non-metallic elements forming a range
of binary compounds, including TmN, TmS, TmC2, Tm2C3, TmH2, TmH3, TmSi2,
TmGe3, TmB4, TmB6 and TmB12. In those compounds, thulium exhibits
valence states +2, +3 and +4, however, the +3 state is most common and
only this state has been observed in Tm solutions.[4]


[edit] Isotopes


Main article: Isotopes of thulium


Naturally
occurring thulium is composed of one stable isotope, Tm-169 (100%
natural abundance). Thirty one radioisotopes have been characterized,
with the most stable being Tm-171 with a half-life of 1.92 years,
Tm-170 with a half-life of 128.6 days, Tm-168 with a half-life of 93.1
days, and Tm-167 with a half-life of 9.25 days. All of the remaining
radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 64 hours, and
the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 2 minutes.
This element also has 14 meta states, with the most stable being
Tm-164m (t½ 5.1 minutes), Tm-160m (t½ 74.5 seconds) and Tm-155m (t½ 45
seconds).


The isotopes of thulium range in atomic weight from
145.966 u (Tm-146) to 176.949 u (Tm-177). The primary decay mode before
the most abundant stable isotope, Tm-169, is electron capture, and the
primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before
Tm-169 are element 68 (erbium) isotopes, and the primary products after
are element 70 (ytterbium) isotopes.[5]


[edit] History


Thulium
was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking
for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements (this was the
same method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover some other
rare earth elements). Cleve started by removing all of the known
contaminants of erbia (Er2O3). Upon additional processing, he obtained
two new substances; one brown and one green. The brown substance was
the oxide of the element holmium and was named holmia by Cleve, and the
green substance was the oxide of an unknown element. Cleve named the
oxide thulia and its element thulium after Thule, Scandinavia.


Thulium
was so rare that none of the early workers had enough of it to purify
sufficiently to actually see the green color; they had to be content
with spectroscopically observing the strengthening of the two
characteristic absorption bands, as erbium was progressively removed.
The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a
British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College
in Durham. In 1911 he reported his results, having used his discovered
method of bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He
famously needed 15,000 "operations" to establish that the material was
homogeneous.[6]


High-purity thulium oxide was first offered
commercially in the late 1950s, as a result of the adoption of
ion-exchange separation technology. Lindsay Chemical Division of
American Potash & Chemical Corporation offered it in grades of 99%
and 99.9% purity. The price per kilogram has oscillated between US$
4,600 and $13,300 in the period from 1959 to 1998 for 99.9% purity, and
it was second highest for lanthanides behind lutetium.[7][8]


[edit] Occurrence and production


 


 


 


 


The
element is never found in nature in pure form, but it is found in small
quantities in minerals with other rare earths. Its abundance in the
Earth crust is 0.5 mg/kg.[9] Thulium is principally extracted from
monazite (~0.007% thulium) ores found in river sands, through
ion-exchange. Newer ion-exchange and solvent-extraction techniques have
led to easier separation of the rare earths, which has yielded much
lower costs for thulium production. The principal sources today are the
ion adsorption clays of southern China. In these, where about
two-thirds of the total rare-earth content is yttrium, thulium is about
0.5% (or about tied with lutetium for rarity). The metal can be
isolated through reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by
calcium reduction in a closed container. None of thulium's natural
compounds are commercially important.[1]


[edit] Applications


Rare and expensive, thulium has few applications:


[edit] Laser


Holmium-chromium-thulium
triple-doped YAG (Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG, or Ho,Cr,Tm:YAG) is an active laser
medium material with high efficiency. It lases at 2097 nm and is widely
used in military, medicine, and meteorology. Single-element
thulium-doped YAG (Tm:YAG) lasers operate between 1930 and 2040 nm.[10]
The wavelength of thulium-based lasers is very efficient for
superficial ablation of tissue, with minimal coagulation depth in air or
in water. This makes thulium lasers attractive for laser-based
surgery.[11]


[edit] X-ray source


Despite
its high cost, portable X-ray devices use thulium that has been
bombarded in a nuclear reactor as a radiation source. These sources are
available for about one year, as tools in medical and dental
diagnosis, as well as to detect defects in inaccessible mechanical and
electronic components. Such sources do not need extensive radiation
protection – only a small cup of lead.[12]


[edit] Others


Thulium
has been used in high temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium.
Thulium potentially has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials
that are used in microwave equipment.[12]


[edit] Biological role and precautions


Thulium
has no known biological role, although it has been noted that it
stimulates metabolism. Soluble thulium salts are regarded as slightly
toxic if taken in large amounts, but the insoluble salts are non-toxic.
Thulium is not taken up by plant roots to any extent and thus does not
get into the human food chain. Vegetables typically contain only one
milligram of thulium per tonne (dry weight).[9


 


引用出處： 


 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium


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Bewise
Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır.
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Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.


BW специализируется
в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
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электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.


BW
is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide
material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for
mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products
include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card
cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread
reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and
worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline
shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please
visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.


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铥：原子序数69，原子量168.93421，元素名来源于发现者的国家名。1879年瑞典科学家克莱夫从铒土中分离出铥和钬两种新元素。铥在地壳中的含量为十万分之二，是稀土元素中含量最少的元素，主要存在于磷钇矿和黑稀金矿中，天然稳定同位素只有铥169。


目录


 


基本字义介绍元素组成铥元素的发现来源及用途发现简史铥的性质资源介绍铥的用途


 


基本字义介绍元素组成铥元素的发现来源及用途发现简史铥的性质资源介绍



  • 铥的用途


展开


编辑本段基本字义


拼
音： 　　diū　繁体字:铥 　　部首:钅,部外笔画:6,总笔画:11 ; 繁体部首:金,部外笔画:6,总笔画:14
　　五笔86&98:QTFC　仓颉:XCHGI　 　　笔顺编号:31115312154　四角号码:82732　UniCode:CJK
统一汉字 U+94E5 　　基本字义：


 


金属铥


● 铥 　　（铥） 　　diūㄉㄧㄡˉ 　　◎ 一种金属元素，属稀土金属。银色，质软，可用于制不需电源的手提简易Ｘ射线机。 　　汉英互译： 　　◎ 铥 　　Thulium(Tm) 　　English


编辑本段介绍


铥
为银白色金属，有延展性，质较软可用刀切开；熔点1545°C，沸点1947°C，密度9.3208。铥在空气中比较稳定；氧化铥为淡绿色晶体。铥的用途
不多，主要是做金属卤素灯的添加剂。银白色金属，质软，熔点时具有高的蒸气压。溶于酸，能与水起缓慢化学作用。盐类（二价盐）氧化物都呈淡绿色。


编辑本段元素组成


元素名称：铥 　　元素原子量：168.9 　　原子体积：(立方厘米/摩尔)：18.1


 


铥


元
素在太阳中的含量：(ppm)：0.0002 　　元素在海水中的含量：(ppm)：大西洋表面 0.00000013 　　晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。
　　晶胞参数： 　　a = 353.75 pm 　　b = 353.75 pm 　　c = 555.46 pm 　　α = 90°
　　β = 90° 　　γ = 120° 　　地壳中含量：（ppm）：0.48 　　维氏硬度：520MPa 　　氧化态：Main Tm+3
　　电离能 (kJ /mol) 　　M - M+ 596.7 　　M+ - M2+ 1163 　　M2+ - M3+ 2285
　　M3+ - M4+ 4119 　　相对原子质量：168.934 　　常见化合价：+3 　　电负性：1.25
　　外围电子排布：4f13 6s2 　　核外电子排布：2,8,18,31,8,2 　　同位素及放射线：Tm-168[93.1d]
Tm-169 Tm-170[128.6d] Tm-171[1.92y] Tm-172[2.65d] 　　电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1


 


铥激光外科微创手术


第
一电离能：596.4 KJ•mol-1 　　第二电离能：1163 KJ•mol-1 　　第三电离能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　单质密度：
9.321 g/cm3 　　单质熔点： 1545.0 ℃ 　　单质沸点： 1727.0 ℃ 　　原子半径： 2.42 埃 　　离子半径：
1.09(+3) 埃 　　共价半径： 1.56 埃


编辑本段铥元素的发现


发现人：克利夫（P.T.Cleve） 　　发现年代：1878年


 


高纯试剂 氧化铥


发
现过程：1878年，由克利夫（P.T.Cleve）发现的。 　　1842年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后，不少化学家利
用光谱分析鉴定，确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物，这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它们。在从氧化饵分离出氧化镱和氧化钪以后，1879年克利夫又分离
出两个新元素的氧化物。其中一个被命名为thulium，以纪念克利夫的祖国所在地斯堪的纳维亚半岛（Thulia），元素符号曾为Tu，今用Tm。随着
铥以及其他一些稀土元素的发现，完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。


编辑本段来源及用途


元
素来源：由无水氟化铥TmF3用该还原制得；或用金属镧与铥氧化物的混合物中蒸气硫制得。与其他稀土元素共存于硅铍钇矿、黑稀金矿、磷钇矿和独居石中。独
居石含稀土元素的质量分数一般达50%，其中铥占0.007%。
　　元素用途：在核反应中照射169Tm,生成170Tm,半衰期为129天，这个同位素克发射出很强的X射线。用它来制造轻便的，不需电源的手提式X射
线机，也用作磷光体活化剂。在便携式X射线机上使用放射性铥作射线源，这样可以不必使用电气设备。
　　名称由来：得名于斯堪的纳维亚半岛的旧称“Thule”。


编辑本段发现简史


铥是稀土
金属中的一种。稀土是历史遗留的名称，从18世纪末叶开始被陆续发现。当时人们惯于把不溶于水的固体氧化物称作土，例如把氧化铝叫做陶土，氧化镁叫苦土。
稀土是以氧化物状态分离出来，很稀少，因而得名稀土，稀土元素的原子序数是21（Sc）、39（Y）、57（La）至71（Lu）。它们的化学性质很相
似，这是由于核外电子结构特点所决定的。它们一般均生成三价化合物。钪的化学性质与其它稀土差别明显，一般稀土矿物中不含钪。钷是从铀反应堆裂变产物中获
得，放射性元素147Pm半衰期2.7年。过去认为钷在自然界中不存在，直到1965年，荷兰的一个磷酸盐工厂在处理磷灰石中，才发现了钷的痕量成分。
　　中国1968年将钷划入64种有色金属之外。
1787年瑞典人阿累尼斯（C.A.Arrhenius）在斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm）附近的伊特比（Ytterby）小镇上寻得了一块不寻常的黑
色矿石，1794年芬兰化
学家加多林（J.Gadolin）研究了这种矿石，从其中分离出一种新物质，三年后（1797年），瑞典人爱克伯格（A.G.Ekeberg）证实了这一
发现，并以发现地名给新的物质命名为Ytteia(钇土)。后来为了纪念加多林，称这种矿石为Gadolinite(加多林矿，即硅铍钇矿)。
1803年德国化
学家克拉普罗兹（M.H.Klaproth）和瑞典化学家柏齐力阿斯（J.J.Berzelius）及希生格尔（W.Hisinger）同时分别从另一矿
石（铈硅矿）中发现了另一种新的物质---铈土（Ceria）。1839年瑞典人莫桑得尔（C.G.Mosander）发现了镧和镨钕混合物
（didymium）。
　　1885年奥地利人威斯巴克（A.V.Welsbach）从莫桑得尔认为是“新元素”的镨钕混合物中发现了镨和钕。1879年法国人布瓦普德朗
（L.D.Boisbauder）发现了钐。1901年法国人德马尔赛（E.A.Demarcay）发现了铕。1880年瑞士马利纳克（J.C.G.De
Marignac）发现了钆。1843年莫桑得尔发现了铽和铒。1886年布瓦普德朗发现了镝。1879年瑞典人克利夫（P.T.Cleve）发现了钬和
铥。1974年美国人马瑞斯克（J.A.Marisky）等从铀裂产物中得到钷。1879年瑞典人尼尔松（L.F.Nilson）发现了钪。从1794年
加多林分离出钇土至1947年制得钷，历时150多年。


编辑本段铥的性质


稀土金属的光泽
介于银和铁之间。杂质含量对它们的性质影响很大，因而载于文献中物理性质常有明显差异。镧在6°K时是超导体。大多数稀土金属呈现顺磁性，钆在0℃时比铁
具有更强的铁磁性。铽、镝、钬、铒等在低温下也呈现铁磁性。镧、铈的低熔点和钐、铕、镱的
高蒸气压表现出稀土金属的物理性质有极大差异。钐、铕、钆的热中子吸收截面比广泛用于核反应堆控制材料的镉、硼还大。稀土金属具有可塑性，以钐和意为最
好。除镱外，钇组稀土较铈组稀土具有更高的硬度。稀土金属的化学活性很强。当和氧作用时，生成稳定性很高的R2O3型氧化物（R表示稀土金属）。铈、镨、
铽还生成CeO2、Pr6O11、TbO2型氧化物。它们的标准生成热和标准自由焓负值比钙、铝、镁氧化物的值还大。
　　稀土氧化物的熔点在2000℃以上，铕的原子半径最大，性质最活泼，在室温下暴露于空气中立即失去光泽，很快氧化成粉末。镧、铈是、镨、钕也易于氧
化，在表面生成氧化物薄膜。金属钇、钆、
镥的抗腐蚀性强，能较长时间地保持其金属光泽。稀土金属能以不同速率与水反应。铕与冷水剧烈反应释放出氢。铈组稀土金属在室温下与水反应缓慢，温度增高则
反应加快。钇组稀土金属则较为稳定。稀土金属在高温下与卤素反应生成+2、+3、+4价的卤化物。无水卤化物吸水性很强，很容易水解生成ROX（X表示卤
素）型卤氧化合物。稀土金属还能和硼、碳、硫、氢、氮反应生成相应的化合物。


编辑本段资源介绍


目
前世界上已知的稀土矿物及含有稀土元素的矿物有250多种，稀土元素含量较高的矿物有60多种，有工业价值的不到10种。我国稀土资源极其丰富，其特点可
概括为：储量大、品种全、有价值的元素含量高、分布广。中国稀土的工业储量（按氧化物计）是国外稀土工业储量的2.2倍。国外稀土资源集中在美国、印度、
巴西、澳大利亚和苏联等国，工业储量（按氧化物计）为701.11万吨。


编辑本段铥的用途


稀
土金属及其合金在炼钢中起脱氧脱硫作用，能使两者的含量降低到0.001%以下，并改变夹杂物的形态，细化晶粒，从而改善钢的加工性能，提高强度、韧性、
耐腐蚀性和抗氧化性等。稀土金属及其合金用于制造球墨铸铁、高强灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁，能改变铸铁中石墨的形态，改善铸造工艺，提高铸铁的机械性能。在青铜和
黄铜冶炼中添加少量的稀土金属能提高合金的强度、延伸率、耐热性和导电性。在铸造铝硅合金中添加1%-1.5%的稀土金属，可以提高高温强度。在铝合金导
线中添加稀土金属，能提高抗张强度和耐腐蚀性。Fe-Cr-Al电热合金中添加0.3%的稀土金属，能提高抗氧化能力，增加电阻率和高温强度。在钛及其合
金中添加稀土金属能细化晶粒，降低蠕变率，改善高温抗腐蚀性能。用铈族混合稀土氯化物和富镧稀土氯化物制备的微球分子筛，用于石油催化裂化过程。稀土金属
和过渡金属复合氧化物催化剂用于氧化净化，能使一氧化碳和碳氢化物转化为二氧化碳和水。镨钕环烷—烷基铝—氯化烷基铝三元体系催化剂用于合成橡胶。


 


金属铥


稀
土抛光粉用于各种玻璃器件的抛光。单一的高纯稀土氧化物用于合成各种荧光体，如彩色电视红
色荧光粉、投影电视白色荧光粉等荧光材料。稀土金属碘化物用于制造金属卤素灯，代替碳精棒电弧灯作照明光源。用稀土金属制备的稀土—钴硬磁合金，具有高剩
磁、高矫顽力的优点。钇铁石榴石铁氧体是用高纯Y2O3和氧化铁制成单晶或多晶的铁磁材料。它们用于微波器件。高纯Gd2O3用于制备钇镓石榴石，它的单
晶用
作磁泡的基片。金属镧和镍制成的LaNi5贮氢材料，吸氢和放氢速度快，每摩尔LaNi5可贮存6.5—6.7摩尔氢。在原子能工业中，利用铕和钆的同位
素的中子吸收截面大的特性，作轻水堆和快中子增殖堆的控制棒和中子吸收剂。稀土元素作为微量化肥，对农作物有增产效果。打火石是稀土发火合金的传统用途，
目前仍是铈组稀土金属的重要用途。


引用出處： 


 http://baike.baidu.com/view/38260.htm


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Erbium ( /ˈɜrbiəm/) is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er
and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially
isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with
other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is
associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite
from Ytterby in Sweden.


Erbium's principal uses involve its
pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties
particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses
or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium
(III) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then
radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results
in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals
transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially
important for optical communications because standard single mode
optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. In
addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical
applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm
emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water
(absorption coefficient about 12,000/cm).


 


 


Contents


[hide]



  • 1 Characteristics

    • 1.1 Physical properties

    • 1.2 Chemical properties

    • 1.3 Isotopes



  • 2 History

  • 3 Occurrence

  • 4 Production

  • 5 Applications

  • 6 Precautions

  • 7 See also

  • 8 References

  • 9 Further reading

  • 10 External links


[edit] Characteristics


[edit] Physical properties


 


 


 


 


Erbium(III)chloride in sunlight, showing some pink fluorescence of Er+3 from natural ultraviolet.


A
trivalent element, pure erbium metal is malleable (or easily shaped),
soft yet stable in air, and does not oxidize as quickly as some other
rare-earth metals. Its salts are rose-colored, and the element has
characteristic sharp absorption spectra bands in visible light,
ultraviolet, and near infrared. Otherwise it looks much like the other
rare earths. Its sesquioxide is called erbia. Erbium's properties are
to a degree dictated by the kind and amount of impurities present.
Erbium does not play any known biological role, but is thought to be
able to stimulate metabolism.[1]


Erbium is ferromagnetic below 19 K, antiferromagnetic between 19 and 80 K and paramagnetic above 80 K.[2]


Erbium
can form propeller-shaped atomic clusters Er3N, where the distance
between the erbium atoms is 0.35 nm. Those clusters can be isolated by
encapsulating them into fullerene molecules, as confirmed by
transmission electron microscopy.[3]


[edit] Chemical properties


Erbium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form erbium(III) oxide:


 


4 Er + 3 O2 → 2 Er2O3


Erbium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form erbium hydroxide:


 


2 Er (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Er(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


Erbium metal reacts with all the halogens:


 


2
Er (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 ErF3 (s) [pink]2 Er (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 ErCl3 (s)
[violet]2 Er (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 ErBr3 (s) [violet]2 Er (s) + 3 I2 (g) →
2 ErI3 (s) [violet]


Erbium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric
acid to form solutions containing hydrated Er(III) ions, which exist as
yellow [Er(OH2)9]3+ hydration complexes:[4]


 


2 Er (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Er3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−


4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


[edit] Isotopes


Main article: isotopes of erbium


 


Naturally occurring erbium is composed of 6 stable isotopes, 162


Er, 164


Er, 166


Er, 167


Er, 168


Er, and 170


Er with 166


Er being the most abundant (33.503% natural abundance). 29 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169


Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, 172


Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, 160


Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, 165


Er with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and 171


Er
with a half-life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority
of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes. This element also
has 13 meta states, with the most stable being 167m


Er with a half-life of 2.269 seconds.[5]


 


The isotopes of erbium range in atomic weight from 142.9663 u (143


Er) to 176.9541 u (177


Er). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 166


Er, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before 166


Er are element 67 (holmium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 69 (thulium) isotopes.[5]


[edit] History


Erbium
(for Ytterby, a village in Sweden) was discovered by Carl Gustaf
Mosander in 1843.[6] Mosander separated "yttria" from the mineral
gadolinite into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and
terbia. He named the new element after the village of Ytterby where
large concentrations of yttria and erbium are located. Erbia and
terbia, however, were confused at this time. After 1860, terbia was
renamed erbia and after 1877 what had been known as erbia was renamed
terbia. Fairly pure Er2O3 was independently isolated in 1905 by Georges
Urbain and Charles James. Reasonably pure metal wasn't produced until
1934 when Klemm and Bommer reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium
vapor. It was only in the 1990s that the price for Chinese-derived
erbium oxide became low enough for erbium to be considered for use as a
colorant in art glass.[7]


[edit] Occurrence


 


 


 


 


Monazite sand


The
concentration of erbium in the Earth crust is about 2.8 mg/kg and in
the sea water 0.9 ng/L.[8] This concentration is enough to make erbium
about 45th in elemental abundance in the Earth's crust, more common
than more familiar elements such as lead.


Like other rare earths,
this element is never found as a free element in nature but is found
bound in monazite sand ores. It has historically been very difficult and
expensive to separate rare earths from each other in their ores but
ion-exchange production techniques[9] developed in the late 20th century
have greatly brought down the cost of production of all rare-earth
metals and their chemical compounds.


The principal commercial
sources of erbium are from the minerals xenotime and euxenite, and most
recently, the ion adsorption clays of southern China; in consequence,
China has now become the principal global supplier of this element. In
the high-yttrium versions of these ore concentrates, yttrium is about
two-thirds of the total by weight, and erbia is about 4-5%. When the
concentrate is dissolved in acid, the erbia liberates enough erbium ion
to impart a distinct and characteristic pink color to the solution.
This color behavior is similar to what Mosander and the other early
workers in the lanthanides would have seen in their extracts from the
gadolinite minerals of Ytterby.


[edit] Production


Crushed
minerals are attacked by hydrochloric or sulfuric acid that transforms
insoluble rare-earth oxides into soluble chlorides or sulfates. The
acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with caustic soda (sodium
hydroxide) to pH 3-4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide
and is removed. After that the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate
to convert rare earths into their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are
converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric
acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is
insoluble in HNO3. The solution is treated with magnesium nitrate to
produce a crystallized mixture of double salts of rare-earth metals. The
salts are separated by ion exchange. In this process, rare-earth ions
are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen,
ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. The rare earth ions are
then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent.[8] Erbium
metal is obtained from its oxide or salts by heating with calcium at
1450 °C under argon atmosphere.[8]


[edit] Applications


Erbium's
everyday uses are varied. It is commonly used as a photographic filter,
and because of its resilience it is useful as a metallurgical additive.
Other uses:



  • Used in nuclear technology in neutron-absorbing control rods.[1][10]

  • When added to vanadium as an alloy, erbium lowers hardness and improves workability.[11]

  • Erbium
    oxide has a pink color, and is sometimes used as a colorant for glass,
    cubic zirconia and porcelain. The glass is then often used in sunglasses
    and cheap jewelry.[11]

  • Erbium-doped optical silica-glass fibers
    are the active element in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which
    are widely used in optical communications.[12] The same fibers can be
    used to create fiber lasers. Co-doping of optical fiber with Er and Yb
    is used in high-power Er/Yb fiber lasers, which gradually replace CO2
    lasers for metal welding and cutting applications. Erbium can also be
    used in erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers.[1]

  • An erbium-nickel
    alloy Er3Ni has an unusually high specific heat capacity at
    liquid-helium temperatures and is used in cryocoolers; a mixture of 65%
    Er3Co and 35% Er0.9Yb0.1Ni by volume improves the specific heat capacity
    even more.[13][14]

  • A large variety of medical applications
    (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see
    Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption
    coefficient about 12000/cm). Such shallow tissue deposition of laser
    energy is necessary for laser surgery, and the efficient production of
    steam for laser enamel ablation in dentistry.


[edit] Precautions


As
with the other lanthanides, erbium compounds are of low to moderate
toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail.
Metallic erbium in dust form presents a fire and explosion hazard.


 


 


引用出處： 


 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium


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原子序数68，原子量167.26，元素名来源于钇
土的发现地。
铒1843年瑞典科学家莫桑德尔用分级沉淀法从钇土中发现铒的氧化物，1860年正式命名。铒在地壳中的含量为0.000247%，存在于许多稀土矿中。
有六种天然同位素：铒162、164、166、167、168、170。


目录


 


概况简介综合性质发现来源及用途氧化铒毒铒硝酸铒


编辑本段概况


铒 拼音:èr　ěr　繁体字:铒 　　部首:钅,部外笔画:6,总笔画:11 ; 繁体部首:金,部外笔画:6,总笔画:14


 


铒


五
笔86&98:QBG　仓颉:XCSJ　 　　笔顺编号:31115122111　四角号码:81740　UniCode:CJK 统一汉字
U+94D2 　　基本字义 　　● 铒 　　（铒） 　　ěrㄦˇ 　　◎
一种金属元素，属稀土金属。银白色。有光泽，质软，能使水分解。用于制玻璃、陶瓷等，亦用于制特种合金。 　　汉英互译 　　◎ 铒
　　Erbium(Er) 　　English 　　◎ erbium


编辑本段简介


铒为深灰色粉末；熔点1529°C，沸点2863°C，密度9.006克/厘米³；铒在低温下是反铁磁性的，在接近绝


 


铒


对
零度时为强铁磁性，并为超导体。铒在室温下缓慢被空气和水氧化，氧化铒为玫瑰红色。铒可用作反应堆控制材料；铒也可作某些荧光材料的激活剂。第一电离能
6.10电子伏特。与钬、镝的化学性质和物理性质几乎完全相同。银灰色金属，质软，不溶于水，溶于酸。盐类和氧化物呈粉红至红色。铒的同位素
有：162Er、164Er、166Er、167Er、168Er、170Er。


编辑本段综合性质


元素名称：饵 　　元素符号： Er 　　英文名： Erbium


 


铒


元
素原子量：167.3 　　体积弹性模量：Gpa：44.4 　　原子化焓：kJ /mol @25℃：314 　　热容：J
/（mol•K）：28.12 　　导电性：10^6/(cm•Ω)：0.0117 　　导热系数：W/（m•K）：14.5
　　熔化热:(千焦/摩尔)：19.90 　　汽化热:(千焦/摩尔)：261.0 　　原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔)：18.4 　　铒激光器头
　　氧化态：Main Er+3 　　Other 　　元素在宇宙中的含量:(ppm)：0.002
　　元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：0.001 　　元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：大西洋表面 0.00000059
　　地壳中含量：（ppm）：3.8 　　晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。 　　晶胞参数： 　　a = 355.88 pm 　　b = 355.88
pm 　　c = 558.74 pm 　　α = 90° 　　β = 90° 　　γ = 120° 　　维氏硬度：589MPa
　　声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2830 　　电离能 (kJ /mol) 　　M - M+ 588.7 　　M+ - M2+
1151 　　M2+ - M3+ 2194 　　M3+ - M4+ 4115 　　元素类型：金属 　　元素符号： Er 英文名：
Erbium 中文名： 铒 　　相对原子质量：167.2 　　常见化合价： +3 　　电负性： 1.24 　　外围电子排布：4f12
6s2 　　核外电子排布： 2,8,18,30,8,2 　　同位素及放射线：Er-162 Er-164 *Er-166 Er-167
Er-168 Er-169[9.4d] Er-170 Er-171[7.5h] Er-172[2.1d] 　　电子亲合和能：0
KJ•mol-1 　　超凡铒激光整形美容仪 　　第一电离能：589 KJ•mol-1 　　第二电离能： 1151 KJ•mol-1
　　第三电离能： 0 KJ•mol-1 　　单质密度： 8.795 g/cm3 　　单质熔点： 1522.0 ℃ 　　单质沸点：
2510.0 ℃ 　　原子半径： 2.45 埃 　　离子半径： 1.00(+3) 埃 　　共价半径： 1.57 埃


编辑本段发现


发现人：莫桑德尔（C.G.Mosander） 　　发现年代：1843年 　　发现过程：1843年，由莫桑德尔（C.G.Mosander）发现。他原来将铒德氧化物命名为氧化铽，因此，早


 


铒


期
德文献中，氧化铽和氧化铒是混同的。直到1860年以后，才得纠正。
　　在发现镧的同一时期里，莫桑德尔对最初发现的钇进行了分析研究，并于1842年发表报告，明确最初发现的钇土不是单一的元素氧化物，而是三种元素的氧
化物。他把其中的一种仍称为钇土，其中一种命名为erbia（铒土）。元素符号定为Er。它的命名来源和钇一样，出自最初发现钇矿石的产地，瑞典斯德哥尔
摩附近的小镇乙特比（Ytterby）。铒和另两个元素镧、铽的发现打开了发现稀土元素的第二道大门，是发现稀土元素的第二阶段。他们的发现是继铈和钇两
个元素后又找到稀土元素中的三个。


编辑本段来源及用途


元素来源：存在于火成岩中，可由电
解熔融氯化铒ErCl3而制得，与其他密度较大的稀土元素共存于磷钇矿和黑稀金矿中。
　　元素用途：它得氧化物Er2O3为玫瑰红色，用来制造陶器得釉彩。陶瓷业中使用氧化铒产生一种粉红色的釉质。铒在核工业中也有一些应用，还能作为其他
金属的合金成分。例如钒中掺入铒能够增强其延展性。


编辑本段氧化铒


氧化铒：erbium
oxide 　　氧化铒 　　分子式：Er2O3 　　性质：Er2O3
粉红色粉末。密度8.64。熔点2378℃。沸点3000℃。不溶于水，溶于酸。主要用作钇铁柘榴石添加剂和核反应堆控制材料，也用于制造特种发光玻璃和
吸收红外线的玻璃，还用作玻璃着色剂。由硝酸铒或硫酸铒溶液与碱反应后，经分离、灼烧而得。仅有Er2O3一种稳定的化合物。是体心立方和单斜两种结构的
粉状物。Er2O3磁矩也较大，为9.5M.B.。其他性质及制备方法同于镧系元素。制做粉红色玻璃。


编辑本段毒铒


拌入毒药制成的食料,用以诱杀害虫，老鼠等.毒饵灭鼠常识，如果使用和管理方法正确，毒饵灭鼠不失为一


 


铒


种
投入少、见效快的灭鼠方法，但应选择高效低毒的灭鼠药，并且要特别注意安全管理。灭鼠药分为急性灭鼠药和慢性灭鼠药两大类，一般应采用安全、高效的慢性灭
鼠药，如杀鼠迷、敌鼠钠盐、溴敌隆等。近几年来大面积灭鼠，使用的毒饵也都是慢性灭鼠药，此类药作用慢、症状较轻，不会引起鼠类拒食，万一人畜误中毒又有
特效解毒药，是高效安全的灭鼠剂。
　　灭鼠药的诱饵可选择小麦、稻谷、碎玉米等原粮，不宜用熟食，更不能用饼干、方便面等，以免被人误食。毒饵必须选用一般食品不用的深蓝或黑色作为警告
色。鼠药浓度是：杀鼠醚0.0375％，敌鼠钠盐0.025％，溴敌隆0.005％。黏着剂用量是3％至4％。为提高毒饵对老鼠的吸引力，可在其中加入
5％左右的糖或0.5％的食盐，亦可加0.1％的味精或2％的白酒。
　　毒饵应投放在老鼠经常出没的地方（俗称“鼠道”），一般可投放在距离墙根10厘米至15厘米
处，每堆二三十克，次日检查，吃多少补多少，吃光加倍，连续检查，投放期至少应在2周以上。鼠患较严重的单位可以利用空心砖、专用毒饵箱在墙根边长期投放
一些毒鼠饵，做到长年灭鼠。在大范围灭鼠活动中，如预先断绝鼠粮然后用同一药物同一时间投放毒饵，灭鼠效果会更好。
　　急性灭鼠药，如“三步倒”、“毒鼠强”、“鼠立死”等属国家禁
用的剧毒药，有的市民为图方便，向街头巷尾的无证小贩购买此类杀鼠药来使用，是错误和危险的。这类药含有国家明令禁止的氟乙酰胺等成分，人畜误服后可迅速
中毒致死，而且易造成二次中毒甚至三次中毒，又没有特效解毒剂，危害极大。另外，根据鼠类的生活习性，急性灭鼠药的长期灭鼠效果远不如慢性灭鼠药，对灭鼠
是不利的。


编辑本段硝酸铒


[英]Erbium Nitrate
　　化学式：Er(NO3)3•6H2O 　　相对分子质量: 443.30 　　熔点: 130℃(失去4个分子结晶水) 　　形
状：粉红色粒状结晶，溶于水和醇，遇热脱水，在潮湿空气中易潮解。 　　用 途：用于是间化合物、玻璃、化学试剂等行业。 　　包
装：采用双层复合塑料袋真空包装，每袋净重为1、2、5kg，置于纸桶（铁桶、 塑料桶）中，每桶净重40kg 或50kg。
　　【火灾危险】：与有机物, 还原剂及易燃物硫、磷等混和后, 摩擦、撞击, 有引起燃烧爆炸的危险。 　　【处置方法】：雾状水、砂土。


 


引用出處： 


 http://baike.baidu.com/view/38270.htm


歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/
/ FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North
Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao
City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan


Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our
customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die,
aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in
cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please
feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.


Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com


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Holmium ( /ˈhoʊlmiəm/ HOHL-mee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Ho
and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a
relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is
stable in dry air at room temperature. A rare earth metal, it is found
in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. Holmium has the highest
magnetic strength of any element and therefore is used for the
polepieces of the strongest static magnets. Because holmium strongly
absorbs nuclear fission-bred neutrons, it is also used in nuclear
control rods.


 


 


Contents


[hide]



  • 1 Characteristics

    • 1.1 Physical properties

    • 1.2 Chemical properties

    • 1.3 Isotopes



  • 2 History

  • 3 Occurrence and production

  • 4 Applications

  • 5 Precautions

  • 6 See also

  • 7 References

  • 8 External links


[edit] Characteristics


[edit] Physical properties


 


 


 


 


Ho2O3, left: natural light, right: fluorescent lamp light


Holmium
is a relatively soft and malleable element that is fairly
corrosion-resistant and stable in dry air at standard temperature and
pressure. In moist air and at higher temperatures, however, it quickly
oxidizes, forming a yellowish oxide. In pure form, holmium possesses a
metallic, bright silvery luster.


Holmium oxide has some fairly
dramatic color changes depending on the lighting conditions. In
daylight, it is a tannish yellow color. Under trichromatic light, it is
a fiery orange red, almost indistinguishable from the way erbium oxide
looks under this same lighting. This is related to the sharp emission
bands of the phosphors.[1]


A trivalent metallic rare earth element, holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6 


µ


B)
of any naturally occurring element and possesses other unusual magnetic
properties. When combined with yttrium, it forms highly magnetic
compounds.[2] Holmium is paramagnetic at ambient conditions, but is
ferromagnetic at temperatures below 19 K.[3]


[edit] Chemical properties


Holmium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form holmium(III) oxide:


 


4 Ho + 3 O2 → 2 Ho2O3


Holmium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form holmium hydroxide:


 


2 Ho (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Ho(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


Holmium metal reacts with all the halogens:


 


2
Ho (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 HoF3 (s) [pink]2 Ho (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 HoCl3 (s)
[yellow]2 Ho (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 HoBr3 (s) [yellow]2 Ho (s) + 3 I2 (g) →
2 HoI3 (s) [yellow]


Holmium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric
acid to form solutions containing the yellow Ho(III) ions, which exist
as a [Ho(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[4]


 


2 Ho (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Ho3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−


4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


[edit] Isotopes


Main article: Isotopes of holmium


Natural
holmium contains one stable isotope, holmium-165. Some synthetic
radioactive isotopes are known; the most stable one is holmium-163,
with a half life of 4570 years. All other radioisotopes have
ground-state half lives not greater than 1.117 days, and most have half
lives under 3 hours. However, the metastable 166m1Ho has a
half life of around 1200 years because of its high spin. This fact,
combined with a high excitation energy resulting in a particularly rich
spectrum of decay gamma rays produced when the metastable state
de-excites, makes this isotope useful in nuclear physics experiments as a
means for calibrating energy responses and intrinsic efficiencies of
gamma ray spectrometers.


[edit] History


Holmium (Holmia,
Latin name for Stockholm) was discovered by Marc Delafontaine and
Jacques-Louis Soret in 1878 who noticed the aberrant spectrographic
absorption bands of the then-unknown element (they called it "Element
X").[5][6] Later in 1878, Per Teodor Cleve independently discovered the
element while he was working on erbia earth (erbium oxide).[7][8]


Using
the method developed by Carl Gustaf Mosander, Cleve first removed all
of the known contaminants from erbia. The result of that effort was two
new materials, one brown and one green. He named the brown substance
holmia (after the Latin name for Cleve's home town, Stockholm) and the
green one thulia. Holmia was later found to be the holmium oxide and
thulia was thulium oxide.[9]


[edit] Occurrence and production


 


 


 


 


Gadolinite


Like
all other rare earths, holmium is not naturally found as a free
element. It does occur combined with other elements in the minerals
gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. The main mining
areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia
with reserves of holmium estimated as 400,000 tonnes.[9]


It is
commercially extracted via ion-exchange from monazite sand (0.05%
holmium) but is still difficult to separate from other rare earths. The
element has been isolated through the reduction of its anhydrous
chloride or fluoride with metallic calcium.[10] Its estimated abundance
in the Earth's crust is 1.3 mg/kg. Holmium obeys the Oddo-Harkins rule:
as an odd-numbered element, it is less abundant than its immediate
even-numbered neighbors, dysprosium and erbium. However, it is the most
abundant of the odd-numbered heavy lanthanides. The principal current
source are some of the ion-adsorption clays of southern China. Some of
these have a rare-earth composition similar to that found in xenotime or
gadolinite. Yttrium makes up about two-thirds of the total by weight;
holmium is around 1.5%. The original ores themselves are very lean,
maybe only 0.1% total lanthanide, but are easily extracted.[11] Holmium
is relatively inexpensive for a rare-earth metal with the price about
US$ 1000 per kg.[12]


[edit] Applications


 


 


 


 


A
solution of 4% holmium oxide in 10% perchloric acid, permanently fused
into a quartz cuvette as an optical calibration standard


Holmium
has the highest magnetic strength of any element, and therefore is used
to create the strongest artificially generated magnetic fields, when
placed within high-strength magnets as a magnetic pole piece (also
called a magnetic flux concentrator). Since it can absorb nuclear
fission-bred neutrons, it is also used in nuclear control rods.[9]


Holmium
is used in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG)- and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride
(YLF) solid-state lasers found in microwave equipment (which are in
turn found in a variety of medical and dental settings). Holmium lasers
emit at 2.08 micrometres, and therefore are safe to eyes. They are
used in medical, dental, and fiber-optical applications.[2]


Holmium
is one of the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing
yellow or red coloring.[13] Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium
oxide solutions (usually in perchloric acid) have sharp optical
absorption peaks in the spectral range 200–900 nm. They are therefore
used as a calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers,[14] and
are available commercially.[15]


The radioactive but long-lived Ho-166m1 (see "Isotopes" above) is used in calibration of gamma ray spectrometers.[16]


[edit] Precautions


The
element, as with other rare earths, appears to have a low degree of
acute toxicity. Holmium plays no biological role in humans, but may be
able to stimulate metabolism.


 


引用出處： 


 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium


歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/
/ FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North
Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao
City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan


Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our
customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die,
aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in
cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please
feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.


Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com


ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな


情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。


弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、


豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。


弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：


（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ


（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計


（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計


（４）航空エンド・ミル設計


（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル


（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル


（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計


（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計


弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：


（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計


（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給


（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給


（４）オートメーション整備調達


（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応


弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   


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Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
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Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel
Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.


BW специализируется
в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.


BW
is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide
material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for
mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products
include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card
cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread
reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and
worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline
shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please
visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.


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原子序数67，原子量164.93032，元素名来
源于发现者的出生地。
钬1878年索里特从铒土的光谱中发现钬，次年瑞典的克莱夫用化学方法从铒土中分离出钬。钬在地壳中的含量为0.000115%，与其它稀土元素一起存在
于独居石和稀土矿中。天然稳定同位素只有钬165。


目录


 


简介性质发现特征钬激光用途钬激光治疗仪



  1. 介绍

  2. 产品特点


 


简介性质发现特征钬激光用途钬激光治疗仪



  1. 介绍

  2. 产品特点


展开


编辑本段简介


钬为银白色金属，质较软，有延展性；熔点1474°C，沸点2695°C，密度8.7947克/厘


 


钬


米³。钬在干燥空气中稳定，高温时很快氧化；氧化钬是已知顺磁性最强的物质。获得化合物可做新型铁磁材料的添加剂；碘化钬用于制造金属卤素灯—钬灯。


编辑本段性质


元
素名称：钬 　　元素原子量：164.9 　　元素类型：金属 　　体积弹性模量：Gpa：40.2 　　原子化焓：kJ /mol @25℃：301
　　热容：J /（mol• K）：27.15 　　导电性：10^6/(cm •Ω )：0.0124 　　导热系数：W/（m•K）：16.2
　　熔化热：(千焦/摩尔)：12.20 　　汽化热：(千焦/摩尔)：241.0 　　原子体积：(立方厘米/摩尔)：18.7
　　元素在宇宙中的含量：(ppm)：0.0005 　　元素在海水中的含量太平洋表面 0.00000016 　　地壳中含量（ppm）：1.4
　　晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。 　　氧化态：Main Ho+3 　　声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2760 　　电离能 (kJ /mol)
　　M - M+ 580.7 　　M+ - M2+ 1139 　　M2+ - M3+ 2204


 


氧化钬


M3+
- M4+ 4100 　　相对原子质量：164.93 　　常见化合价： +3 　　电负性： 1.23 　　外围电子排布：4f11 6s2
　　核外电子排布： 2,8,18,29,8,2 　　同位素及放射线：Ho-163[4570y] Ho-165 Ho-166[1.1d]
　　电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　第一电离能：581 KJ•mol-1 　　第二电离能：1139 KJ•mol-1
　　第三电离能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　单质密度：8.54 g/cm3 　　单质熔点： 1470.0 ℃ 　　单质沸点： 2720.0 ℃
　　原子半径：2.47 埃 　　共价半径： 1.58 埃 　　维氏硬度：481MPa


编辑本段发现


发现人：索里特（J.L.Soret）、克利夫（P.T.Cleve） 　　发现年代：1878至1879年。 　　发现过程：1878年为索里特（J.L.Soret）发现；1879年又被克利夫（P.T.Cleve


 


钬激光治疗仪


）
发现。
　　1842年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后，不少化学家利用光谱分析鉴定，确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物，这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它
们。在从氧化饵分离出氧化镱和氧化钪以后，1879年克利夫又分离出两个新元素的氧化物。其中一个被命名为holmium，以纪念克利夫的出生地，瑞典首
都斯德哥尔摩古代的拉丁名称Holmia，元素符号Ho。其后1886年布瓦博德朗又从钬中分离出了另一元素，但钬的名称被保留了。随着钬以及其他一些稀
土元素的发现，完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。


编辑本段特征


它和镝一样，是一种能
够吸收核分裂所产生的中子的金属。 　　在核子反应炉中，一方面不断燃烧，一方面控制连锁反应的速度。
　　元素描述：第一电离能6.02电子伏特。有金属光泽。与水能缓慢起作用，溶于稀酸。盐类是黄色。氧化物Ho2O2为淡绿色。溶于矿物酸而产生三价离子
黄色盐。 　　元素来源：由氟化钬HoF3•2H2O用钙还原而制得。


编辑本段钬激光


钬
激光碎石技术：医用钬激光碎石，它适用于体外冲击波碎石法无法碎解的、坚硬的肾结石、输尿管结石和膀胱结石。医用钬激光碎石时，医用钬激光的纤细光纤借助
膀胱镜和输尿管软镜通过尿道、输尿管直抵膀胱结石、输尿管结石和肾结石部位，然后由泌尿外科专家操纵钬激光将结石击碎。这种


 


钬激光打孔


治疗方法的优点是可以解决输尿管结石、膀胱结石和绝大部分的肾结石。其缺点是对于部分肾上盏和肾下盏的结石，由于从输尿管进入的钬激光光纤无法抵达结石部位，会有少量结石残留。


编辑本段用途


钬
Ho是稀土元素，目前钬的主要用途有： 　　(1)、用作金属卤素灯添加剂，金属卤素灯是一种气体放电灯，它 　　钬激光-医疗器械
　　是在高压汞灯基础上发展起来的，其特点是在灯泡里充有各种不同的稀土卤化物。目前主要使用的是稀土碘化物，在气体放电时发出不同的谱线光色。在钬灯中
采用的工作物质是碘化钬，在电弧区可以获得较高的金属原子浓度，从而大大提高了辐射效能。 　　(2)、钬可以用作钇铁或钇铝石榴石的添加剂；
　　(3)、掺钬的钇铝石榴石（Ho:YAG）可发射2μm激光，人体组织对2μm激光吸收率高，几乎比Hd:YAG高3个数量级。所以用Ho:YAG激
光器进行医疗手术时，不但可以提高手术效率和精度


 


钬


，而且可使热损伤区域减至更小。钬晶体产生的自由光束可
消除脂肪而不会产生过大的热量，从而减少对健康组织产生的热损伤，据报道美国用钬激光治疗青光眼，可以减少患者手术的痛苦。中国2μm激光晶体的水平已达
到国际水平，应大力开发生产这种激光晶体。
　　(4)、在磁致伸缩合金Terfenol-D中，也可以加入少量的钬，从而降低合金饱和磁化所需的外场。
　　(5)、另外用掺钬的光纤可以制作光纤激光器、光纤放大器、光纤传感器等等光通讯器件在光纤通信迅猛的今天将发挥更重要的作用。


编辑本段钬激光治疗仪


介绍


中
外合资爱科凯能钬激光
40瓦、60瓦、75瓦，爱科凯能ACU-H2系列钬激光结合国际先进技术和中国现有使用条件设计制造，设备关键元器件由国外引进，保证了产品的品质；同
时因为在国内生产，爱科凯能钬激光具有合理的价格和快捷全面的售后服务。
　　爱科凯能ACU-H2系列钬激光应用于泌尿外科、耳鼻喉科、脊柱外科、普外科、妇科、美容等领域；在泌尿外科主要应用于治疗泌尿系结石、狭窄、息肉、
肿瘤、良性前列腺增生（中大功率）等。设备具有单脉冲能量大、持续工作时间长、开机即用、备有应急流程等特点，单相供电也专门为中国医


 


钬激光-医疗器械


院环境而设计。


产品特点


1、
单脉冲能量大 　　单脉冲能量的大小决定设备碎石、切割及汽化软组织的能力。3.5焦耳的能量足以击碎所有结石粉碎大硬结石，速度快。 　　2、
单相供电 　　设备效率高，功耗低，单相220V供电，爱科凯能设备便于在不同的手术室机动使用。 　　3、 无需预热，开机即用
　　针对手术随机性，消除找到结石和手术开始的时间差，最快的结石手术仅需15分钟，最长的需要4个小时，所以要求设备随时可以投入手术中。 　　4、
应急流程
　　爱科凯能采用了国际先进技术，能够有效地检测损耗件的寿命，当这些元件接近使用寿命时，设备提前一定量自动告警，并启动应急流程，保证医生能够完成手
术，并提示更换器件。 　　5、 持续工作时间长
　　针对中国病人结石较大较硬的临床要求，爱科凯能钬激光治疗机可以长时间持续工作，保证手术快速顺利完成；一些进口设备不能能够适应中国手术时间长的临
床要求，手术中激光需要间歇，给医生带来许多不便。 　　6、产品线宽、可选性强
　　爱科凯能技术力量雄厚，产品线宽，不同型号的产品满足不同的应用需求，产品可升级。


 


引用出處：


http://baike.baidu.com/view/38275.htm


 


歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  


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Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our
customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die,
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feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer. 


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弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：


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（４）航空エンド・ミル設計


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（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル


（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計


（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計


弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：


（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計


（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給


（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給


（４）オートメーション整備調達


（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応


弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   


Bewise
Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır.
Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini
Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik
Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel
Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.


BW специализируется
в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.


BW
is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide
material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for
mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products
include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card
cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread
reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and
worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline
shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please
visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.


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Dysprosium ( /dɪsˈproʊziəm/ dis-PROE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Dy
and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic
silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element,
though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally
occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes, the most abundant of
which is 164Dy.


Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul
Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but was not isolated in pure form until the
development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s. Dysprosium is used
for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control
rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility to
magnetization in data storage devices and as a component of Terfenol-D.
Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are
considered non-toxic.


 


 


Contents


[hide]



  • 1 Characteristics

    • 1.1 Physical properties

    • 1.2 Chemical properties

    • 1.3 Compounds

    • 1.4 Isotopes



  • 2 History

  • 3 Occurrence

  • 4 Production

  • 5 Applications

  • 6 Precautions

  • 7 See also

  • 8 References

  • 9 External links


[edit] Characteristics


[edit] Physical properties


 


 


 


 


Dysprosium sample


Dysprosium
is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster. It
is soft enough to be cut with a knife, and can be machined without
sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's physical
characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of
impurities.[1]


Dysprosium and holmium have the highest magnetic
strengths of the elements,[2] especially at low temperatures.[3]
Dysprosium has a simple ferromagnetic ordering at temperatures below
85 K. Above 85 K, it turns into an helical antiferromagnetic state in
which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are
parallel, and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent
layers. This unusual antiferromagnetism transforms into a disordered
(paramagnetic) state at 179 K.[4]


[edit] Chemical properties


Dysprosium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form dysprosium(III) oxide:


 


4 Dy + 3 O2 → 2 Dy2O3


Dysprosium
is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite
quickly with hot water to form dysprosium hydroxide:


 


2 Dy (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Dy(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


Dysprosium metal vigorously reacts with all the halogens at above 200 °C:


 


2
Dy (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 DyF3 (s) [green]2 Dy (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 DyCl3
(s) [white]2 Dy (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 DyBr3 (s) [white]2 Dy (s) + 3 I2 (g)
→ 2 DyI3 (s) [green]


Dysprosium dissolves readily in dilute
sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the yellow Dy(III) ions,
which exist as a [Dy(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[5]


 


2 Dy (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Dy3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−


4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)


[edit] Compounds


See also: Dysprosium compounds


Dysprosium
halides, such as DyF3 and DyBr3, tend to take on a yellow color.
Dysprosium oxide, also known as dysprosia, is a white powder that is
highly magnetic, more so than iron oxide.[3]


Dysprosium combines
with various non-metals at high temperatures to form binary compounds
with varying composition and oxidation states +3 and sometimes +2, such
as DyN, DyP, DyH2 and DyH3; DyS, DyS2, Dy2S3 and Dy5S7; DyB2, DyB4,
DyB6 and DyB12, as well as Dy3C and Dy2C3.[6]


Dysprosium
carbonate, Dy2(CO3)3, and dysprosium sulfate, Dy2(SO4)3, result from
similar reactions.[7] Most dysprosium compounds are soluble in water,
though dysprosium carbonate tetrahydrate (Dy2(CO3)3·4H2O) and dysprosium
oxalate decahydrate (Dy2(C2O4)3·10H2O) are both insoluble in
water.[8][9]


[edit] Isotopes


Main article: Isotopes of dysprosium


Naturally
occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes: 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy,
161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy, and 164Dy. These are all considered stable,
although 156Dy decays by alpha decay with a half-life of over
1×1018 years. Of the naturally occurring isotopes, 164Dy is the most
abundant at 28%, followed by 162Dy at 26%. The least abundant is 156Dy
at .06%.[10]


Twenty-nine radioisotopes have also been synthesized,
ranging in atomic mass from 138 to 173. The most stable of these is
154Dy with a half-life of approximately 3×106 years, followed by 159Dy
with a half-life of 144.4 days. The least stable is 138Dy with a
half-life of 200 ms. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable isotopes
tend to decay primarily by β+ decay, while those that are heavier tend
to decay by β- decay, with some exceptions. 154Dy decays primarily by
alpha decay, and 152Dy and 159Dy decay primarily by electron
capture.[10] Dysprosium also has at least 11 metastable isomers, ranging
in atomic mass from 140 to 165. The most stable of these is 165mDy,
which has a half-life of 1.257 minutes. 149Dy has two excitation states,
the second of which, 149m2Dy, has a half-life of 28 ns.[10]


[edit] History


In
1878, erbium ores were found to contain the oxides of holmium and
thulium. French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, while working
with holmium oxide, separated dysprosium oxide from it in Paris in
1886.[11] His procedure for isolating the dysprosium involved
dissolving dysprosium oxide in acid, then adding ammonia to precipitate
the hydroxide. He was only able to isolate dysprosium from its oxide
after more than 30 attempts at his procedure. Upon succeeding, he named
the element dysprosium from the Greek dysprositos
(δυσπρόσιτος), meaning "hard to get". However, the element was not
isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion
exchange techniques by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University in the
early 1950s.[2]


In 1950, Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, and
Stanley G. Thompson bombarded 241Am with helium ions, which produced
atoms with an atomic number of 97 and which closely resembled the
neighboring lanthanide terbium. Because terbium was named after Ytterby,
the city in which it and several other elements were discovered, this
new element was named berkelium for the city in which it was
synthesized. However, when the research team synthesized element 98,
they could not think of a good analogy for dysprosium, and instead
named the element californium in honor of the state in which it was
synthesized. The research team went on to "point out that, in
recognition of the fact that dysprosium is named on the basis of a
Greek word meaning 'difficult to get at,' that the searchers for
another element a century ago found it difficult to get to
California."[12]


[edit] Occurrence


 


 


 


 


Xenotime


Dysprosium
is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many minerals,
including xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase,
blomstrandine, monazite and bastnäsite; often with erbium and holmium or
other rare earth elements. Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained
from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China.[13] In the
high-yttrium version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most
abundant of the heavy lanthanides, comprising up to 7–8% of the
concentrate (as compared to about 65% for yttrium).[14][15] The
concentration of Dy in the Earth crust is about 5.2 mg/kg and in sea
water 0.9 ng/L.[6]


[edit] Production


Dysprosium
is obtained primarily from monazite sand, a mixture of various
phosphates. The metal is obtained as a by-product in the commercial
extraction of yttrium. In isolating dysprosium, most of the unwanted
metals can be removed magnetically or by a flotation process.
Dysprosium can then be separated from other rare earth metals by an ion
exchange displacement process. The resulting dysprosium ions can then
react with either fluorine or chlorine to form dysprosium fluoride,
DyF3, or dysprosium chloride, DyCl3. These compounds can be reduced
using either calcium or lithium metals in the following reactions:[7]


 


3 Ca + 2 DyF3 → 2 Dy + 3 CaF23 Li + DyCl3 → Dy + 3 LiCl


The
components are placed in a tantalum crucible and fired in a helium
atmosphere. As the reaction progresses, the resulting halide compounds
and molten dysprosium separate due to differences in density. When the
mixture cools, the dysprosium can be cut away from the impurities.[7]


About
100 tonnes of dysprosium are produced worldwide each year,[16] with 99%
of that total produced in China[17] Dysprosium prices have climbed
nearly twentyfold, from $7 per pound in 2003, to $130 a pound in late
2010.[17]


[edit] Applications


Dysprosium is
used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser
materials. Because of dysprosium's high thermal neutron absorption
cross-section, dysprosium oxide-nickel cermets are used in
neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors.[2][18]
Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation which
is useful for studying chemical reactions.[1] Because dysprosium and
its compounds are highly susceptible to magnetization, they are
employed in various data storage applications, such as in hard
disks.[19]


Neodymium-iron-boron magnets can have up to 6% of the
neodymium substituted with dysprosium[20] to raise the coercivity for
demanding applications such as drive motors for hybrid electric
vehicles. This substitution would require up to 100 grams of dysprosium
per hybrid car produced. Based on Toyota's projected 2 million units
per year, the use of dysprosium in applications such as this would
quickly exhaust the available supply of the metal.[21] The dysprosium
substitution may also be useful in other applications, as it improves
the corrosion resistance of the magnets.[22]


Dysprosium is one of
the components of Terfenol-D, along with iron and terbium. Terfenol-D
has the highest room-temperature magnetostriction of any known
material;[23] this property is employed in transducers, wide-band
mechanical resonators,[24] and high-precision liquid fuel injectors.[25]


 


 


 


 


Nanofibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride


Dysprosium
is used in dosimeters for measuring ionizing radiation. Crystals of
calcium sulfate or calcium fluoride are doped with dysprosium. When
these crystals are exposed to radiation, the dysprosium atoms become
excited and luminescent. The luminescence can be measured to determine
the degree of exposure to which the dosimeter has been subjected.[2]


Nanofibers
of dysprosium compounds have high strength and large surface area;
therefore, they can be used for reinforcement of other materials and as
a catalyst. Fibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride can be produced by
heating an aqueous solution of DyBr and NaF to 450 °C at 450 bar
pressure for 17 hours. This material is remarkably robust, surviving
over 100 hours in various aqueous solutions at temperatures exceeding
400 °C without re-dissolving or aggregating.[26][27][28]


Dysprosium
iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high intensity lighting.
These compounds dissociate near the hot center of the lamp releasing
isolated dysprosium atoms. The latter re-emit light in the green and
red part of the spectrum thereby effectively producing bright
light.[2][29]


[edit] Precautions


Like many
powders, dysprosium powder may present an explosion hazard when mixed
with air and when an ignition source is present. Thin foils of the
substance can also be ignited by sparks or by static electricity.
Dysprosium fires cannot be put out by water. It can react with water to
produce flammable hydrogen gas.[30] Dysprosium chloride fires, however,
can be extinguished with water,[31] while dysprosium fluoride and
dysprosium oxide are non-flammable.[32][33] Dysprosium nitrate,
Dy(NO3)3, is a strong oxidizing agent and will readily ignite upon
contact with organic substances.[3]


Soluble dysprosium salts, such
as dysprosium chloride and dysprosium nitrate, are mildly toxic when
ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Based on the
toxicity of dysprosium chloride to mice, it is estimated that the
ingestion of 500 grams or more could be fatal to a human.


 


引用出處： 


 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium


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镝，原子序数66，原子量162.50，元素名来源于希腊文，原意是 “难以取得”。1886年法国化学家布瓦博特朗发现镝，1906年法国的于尔班制出比较纯的镝。镝在地壳中的含量为0.00045%，与其它稀土元素存在与多中矿物中，有七种天然同位素。


纠错 编辑摘要


目录



  • 1 概述

  • 2 性质

  • 3 发现

  • 4 来源及用途

  • 5 氧化镝


  •  





  • 1 概述

  • 2 性质

  • 3 发现

  • 4 来源及用途

  • 5 氧化镝

  • 6 镝灯

  • 7 主要用途

  • 8 参考资料



 


镝 - 概述


金属镝


镝
为银白色金属，质软可用刀切开；熔点1412°C，沸点2562°C，密度8.55克/厘米³；在接近绝对零度是有超导性。镝在空气中相当稳定，高温下易
被空气和水氧化，生成三氧化二镝。镝主要用于制造新型照明光源镝灯；镝可作反应堆的控制材料；镝化合物在炼油工业中可作催化剂。


 


镝 - 性质


 


元素原子量：162.5


原子序数：66


维氏硬度：540MPa    


镝铁合金


 


元素类型：金属


地壳中含量：（ppm）：6


元素在太阳中的含量：(ppm)：0.002


元素在海水中的含量：(ppm)


大西洋表面  0.0000008


原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔)：19


相对原子质量：162.5  常见化合价： +3  电负性： 1.22 


外围电子排布：4f10 6s2  核外电子排布： 2,8,18,28,8,2 


氧化态：Main  Dy+3


Other  Dy+2, Dy+4


声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2710


 


电离能 (kJ /mol) 


M - M+ 571.9


M+ - M2+ 1126


M2+ - M3+ 2200


M3+ - M4+ 4001


晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。


 


晶胞参数：


a = 359.3 pm


氧化镝


 


b = 359.3 pm


c = 565.37 pm


α = 90°


β = 90°


γ = 120°


 


同位素及放射线：


Dy-154[3000000y] Dy-156 Dy-157[8.1h] Dy-158 Dy-159[144.4d] Dy-160 Dy-161 Dy-162 Dy-163 *Dy-164 Dy-165[2.3h] Dy-166[3.4d]


 


电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1


第一电离能：572 KJ•mol-1


第二电离能： 1126 KJ•mol-1


第三电离能： 0 KJ•mol-1


单质密度：8.536 g/cm3


单质熔点： 1412.0 ℃


单质沸点： 2562.0 ℃


原子半径：2.49 埃


离子半径： 1.03(+3) 埃


共价半径： 1.59 埃


常见化合物： 无


 


镝 - 发现


 


发现人：德•布瓦博德郎（L.Boisbaudran） 


发现年代：1886年


发现过程：1886年德•布瓦博德郎（L.Boisbaudran）发现的。


1842
年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后，不少化学家利
用光谱分析鉴定，确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物，这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它们。在钬被分离出来7年后，1886年布瓦博德朗又把它一分为二，
保留了钬，另一个称为dysprosium，元素符号Dy。这一词来自希腊文dysprositos，是“难以取得”的意思。随着镝以及其他一些稀土元素
的发现，完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。


 


镝 - 来源及用途


 


元素描述：软金属，有光泽核延展性。在高温下易被空气腐蚀，但室温下较稳定。与水缓缓起作用。镝有以下几种同位素：156Dy、158Dy、160Dy~164Dy。


元素来源：可由氟化镝用钙还原而制得。


元素用途：用来制造红外发生器材、激光材料及原子能工业。熔点为1 412 ℃,沸点为2 562 ℃，密度为 8.550 g/cm3(20 ℃)。银白色稀土金属。坚硬，性质活泼。易被氧气氧化，与水反应迅速，溶于酸。用于制作磁铁的合金。


 


镝 - 氧化镝


氧化镝：Dysprosium Oxide;Dysprosium(III) oxide 


氧化镝


 


氧化镝，为一种白色粉末，化学式为Dy2O3，密度7.81（27℃），熔点2340℃，沸点约为4000℃，为离子型化合物，溶与酸和乙醇。，但不溶于碱，也不溶于水。可由氢氧化镝热分解制成，生成热高，露置空气中会吸收二氧化碳部分变为碳酸镝。


性质：氧化镝为白色或淡黄色粉末。


用途：用作制取金属镝的原料、玻璃、钕铁硼永磁体的添加剂，还用于金属卤素灯、磁光记忆材料、钇铁或钇铝石榴石、原子能工业中。


 


镝 - 镝灯


镝灯属高强度气体放电灯，是一种具有高光效（75lm/w以上）、高显色性（显色指数80以上），长寿命的新型气体放电光源，是金属卤化物灯的一种，它利用充


镝灯泡


入的碘化镝、碘化亚铊、汞等物质发出其特有的密集型光谱，该光谱十分接近于太阳光谱，从而使灯的发光效率及显色性大为提高。


 


它光效高、显色性好、亮度高，镝灯有球形、管形、椭球形等多种形状可满足不同用途的需要，使用时需相应的镇流器和触发器。光色镝灯广泛应用于高大厂房、广场、工地、展览馆、大厅、广告牌、商场、体育场（馆）以及摄制彩色影片、转播彩色电视、彩色印刷等场合。


反
射型日光色镝灯具有反射层，将灯与灯具合而为一，无需另配灯具，使用方便。该光源在兰紫光到橙红光的广阔光谱区域内辐射强度大，红外辐射小，具有光线集
中，光利用率高的特点，是农科试验、培养农作物，加速植物生长的理想光源。适用于各种人工气候箱、人工生物箱、温室等场合作为人工辐射光源。


 


镝 - 主要用途


1886年，法国人波依斯包德莱成功地将钬分离成两个元素，一个仍称为钬，而另一个根据从钬中"难以得到"的意思取名为镝(dysprosium)。镝目前在许多高技术领域起着越来越重要的作用。


镝的最主要用途是：


镝铁合金


 


（1）作为钕铁硼系永磁体的添加剂使用，在这种磁体中添加2~3%左右的镝，可提高其矫顽力，过去镝的需求量不大，但随着钕铁硼磁体需求的增加，它成为必要的添加元素，品位必须在95～99。9%左右，需求也在迅速增加。


（2）镝用作荧光粉激活剂，三价镝是一种有前途的单发光中心三基色发光材料的激活离子，它主要由两个发射带组成，一为黄光发射，另一为蓝光发射，掺镝的发光材料可作为三基色荧光粉。


（3）镝是制备大磁致伸缩合金铽镝铁（Terfenol）合金的必要的金属原料，能使一些机械运动的精密活动得以实现。


（4）镝金属可用做磁光存贮材料，具有较高的记录速度和读数敏感度。


（5）用于镝灯的制备，在镝灯中采用的工作物质是碘化镝，这种灯具有亮度大、颜色好、色温高、体积小、电弧稳定等优点，已用于电影、印刷等照明光源。


（6）由于镝元素具有中子俘获截面积大的特性，在原子能工业中用来测定中子能谱或做中子吸收剂。


（7）Dy3Al5O12还可用作磁致冷用磁性工作物质。随着科学技术的发展，镝的应用领域将会不断的拓展和延伸。


引用出處： 


 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%95%9D


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铽，原子序数65，原子量158.92534，元素名来源于它的最初发现地。1843年瑞典化学家莫桑德尔从钇土中发现铽的氧化物，1877年正式命名。铽在地壳中的含量为十万分之九，存在于多种稀土矿物中，天然稳定同位素只有铽159。


纠错 编辑摘要


目录



  • 1 概述

  • 2 特性

  • 3 发现

  • 4 应用领域

  • 5 来源及用途


  •  





  • 1 概述

  • 2 特性

  • 3 发现

  • 4 应用领域

  • 5 来源及用途

  • 6 TB

  • 7 参考资料



 


铽 - 概述


 


铽


 


铽为银灰色金属，有延展性，质较软，可用刀切开；熔点1360°C，沸点3123°C，密度8.2294克/厘米³；铽在室温下有很强的顺磁性。铽在空气中不易氧化，在高温时容易氧化；可与硫酸、硝酸、卤素反应。铽的氧化物广泛用于制备发光材料。


 


铽 - 特性


 


铽、Tb、65 、镧系元素 


地壳中含量：（ppm）：1.1


原子体积：(立方厘米/摩尔)：19.2


周期, 元素分区  6, f 


密度、硬度  8219 kg/m3、无数据 


颜色和外表  银白色


元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：0.0005


元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：太平洋表面  0.00000008


氧化铽


 


原子量  158.92534(2) 原子量单位 


氧化态：Main  Tb+3


Other  Tb+4


原子半径（计算值）  175（225）pm  


价电子排布  [氙]4f96s2 


电子在每能级的排布  2，8，18，27，8，2 


 


电离能 (kJ /mol) 


M - M+ 564.6


M+ - M2+ 1112


M2+ - M3+ 2114


M3+ - M4+ 3839


晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。


晶胞参数：


a = 360.1 pm


b = 360.1 pm


c = 569.36 pm


α = 90°


β = 90°


γ = 120°


 


维氏硬度：863MPa   


声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2620


氧化价（氧化物）  4（弱碱性） 


晶体结构  六角形 


 


物质状态  固态 


熔点  1629 K（1356 °C） 


沸点  3503 K （3230 °C） 


摩尔体积  19.3×10-6m3/mol 


汽化热  330.9 kJ/mol 


熔化热  10.8 kJ/mol  


声速  2620 m/s（293.15K） 


电负性  1.2（鲍林标度） 


比热  180 J/(kg•K) 


电导率  0.889×106/(米欧姆) 


热导率  11.1 W/(m•K) 


 


第一电离能 565.8 kJ/mol 


第二电离能 1110 kJ/mol 


第三电离能 2114 kJ/mol 


第四电离能 3839 kJ/mol 


相对原子质量：158.925 


常见化合价： +3,+4 


电负性： 1.2 


外围电子排布： 4f9 6s2 


核外电子排布： 2,8,18,27,8,2 


同位素及放射线：   Tb-151[17.61h] Tb-155[5.3d] Tb-156[5.3d] Tb-157[110y] Tb-158[180y] Tb-159 Tb-160[72.3d] Tb-161[6.91d] Tb-162[7.6m]


 


最稳定的同位素 ，同位素  丰度  半衰期  衰变模式  衰变能量


MeV  衰变产物 


157Tb 人造  71年 电子捕获 0.060 157Gd 


158Tb 人造  180年 电子捕获


β衰变 1.220 0.937 158Gd 158Dy  159Tb 100 %  稳定  


 


 


铽 - 发现


1843
年瑞典的莫桑德（Karl
G.Mosander）通过对钇土的研究，发现铽元素（Terbium）。铽的应用大多涉及高技术领域，是技术密集、知识密集型的尖端项目，又是具有显著
经济效益的项目，有着诱人的发展前景。1843年由莫桑德尔（C.G.Mosander）发现。当初命名为氧化铒，1877年才正式命名为铽。1905年
第一次由乌贝因（G.Urbain）提纯制出。


 


在发现镧的同一时期里，莫桑德尔对最初发现的钇进行了分析研究，并于
1842年发表报告，
明确最初发现的钇土不是单一的元素氧化物，而是三种元素的氧化物。他把其中的一种仍称为钇土，其中一种命名为terbia（铽土）。元素符号定为Tb。它
的命名来源和钇一样，出自最初发现钇矿石的产地，瑞典斯德哥尔摩附近的小蛞姨乇龋╕tterby）。铽和另两个元素镧、铒的发现打开了发现稀土元素的第二
道大门，是发现稀土元素的第二阶段。他们的发现是继铈和钇两个元素后又找到稀土元素中的三个。一共是五个了。


 


铽 - 应用领域


 


1、荧光粉用于三基色荧光粉中的绿粉的激活剂，如铽激活的磷酸盐基质、铽激活的硅酸盐基质、铽激活的铈镁铝酸盐基质，在激发状态下均发出绿色光。


2、磁光贮存材料，近年来铽系磁光材料已达到大量生产的规


铽


模，用Tb-Fe非晶态薄膜研制的磁光光盘，作计算机存储元件，存储能力提高10～15倍。


3、
磁光玻璃，
含铽的法拉第旋光玻璃是制造在激光技术中广泛应用的旋转器、隔离器和环形器的关键材料。特别是铽镝铁磁致伸缩合金（TerFenol）的开发研制，更是开
辟了铽的新用途，Terfenol是70年代才发现的新型材料，该合金中有一半成份为铽和镝，有时加入钬，其余为铁，该合金由美国依
阿华州阿姆斯实验室首先研制，当Terfenol置于一个磁场中时，其尺寸的变化比一般磁性材料变化大这种变化可以使一些精密机械运动得以实现。铽镝铁开
始主要用于声纳，目前已广泛应用于多种领域，从燃料喷射系统、液体阀门控制、微定位到机械致动器、机构和飞机太空望远镜的调节 机翼调节器等领域。


 


 


铽 - 来源及用途


 


元素描述：银灰色金属。高温下易被空气所腐蚀；室温下腐蚀极慢。溶于酸，盐类无色。氧化物Tb4O7是棕色。


元素来源：少量存在于磷铈钍砂和硅铍钇矿中。与其他稀土元素共存于独居石砂中，其中铽的含量一般为0.03%。其他来源还有磷钇矿和黑稀金矿，两者都是氧化物的混合物，含有高达1%的铽。


元素用途：用于制作高温燃料电池和激光材料。特种激光器和固态元件中用到少量的铽。


 


名称由来：得名于瑞典村庄Ytterby。 


 


铽 - TB


 


结核是由结核杆菌引起的慢性肺部感染，咳嗽、胸痛、咯血、潮热、盗汗、消瘦、血沉增速为其主要临床特征。在人体抵抗力降低的情况下，因感染结核杆菌而发病，具传染性。


病原体及流行病学：


结核菌属于分支杆菌属，染色具有抗酸性，所以又叫抗酸杆菌。


氧化铽


能
引起人结核病的有两种，即人型结核菌和牛型结核菌，以人型为主。结核菌从病人或带菌者的呼吸道分泌物排出，并随灰尘飞扬于空中传与他人，尤其是开放型肺结
核患者，其痰液更是主要的传播来源。其次，咳嗽、喷嚏也可污染空气。牛型结核菌株可随其乳汁传播给人类。结核菌在阴湿处可生存6～8个月，但在沸水
中，15分钟即被杀死。


人体对结核菌抵抗力有两种，一为自然免疫力，即先天性非特异性免疫力，另一为对结核菌特有的免疫力，为感染结核后产生的特异性免疫力，也是后天获得性免疫力，多在两次感染后4～8周产生，产生后可使结核菌素试验呈阳性反应。结核杆菌易对抗痨药产生耐药性。


现代医学病理：结核菌侵入人体后，可长期寄生而不发病，当机体抗力薄弱时，或受感染病菌量多，或菌的毒力较强时则可发病。


 


TB是魔兽地图DOTA中灵魂守卫的英文缩写。


灵
魂守卫介 绍：Terrorblade -
灵魂守，Terrorblade和Magina原是孪生兄弟。虽然同样流着暗夜精灵的血，Terrorblade却受到不死族力量的诱惑而陷入不归的深
渊。背上巨大的石像鬼翅膀代表了他和暗夜世界的彻底决裂。他熟练的掌握了镜像的制造以及对灵魂的操纵。他可以变身为可怕而强大的恶魔，通过投掷能量打击对
手。挥舞着巨大月刃的他无疑是战场上的一大威慑。 初始射程 (Base Range): 100 | 初始攻击间隔 (Base Attack
Time): 1.5


初始移动速度 (Base Move Speed): 320 | 初始防御 (Base Armor): 3.0


基本属性 (Primary Attribute): 敏捷 / Agility | 初始攻击力 (Base Damage): 48 - 54


初始力量值 (Base Strength): 15 | 初始敏捷值 (Base Agility): 22 | 初始智力值 (Base Intelligence): 15


力
量增长系数 (Strength Growth): 1.90 | 敏捷增长系数 (Agility Growth): 3.20 | 智力增长系数
(Intelligence Growth): 1.75 ，灵魂汲取 (Soul Steal) [E] ，魔法镜像 (Conjure
Image) [C] ，变身 (Metamorphosis) [T] ，灵魂隔断 (Sunder)


 


引用出處： 


 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%93%BD


歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/
/ FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North
Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao
City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan


Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our
customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die,
aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in
cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please
feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer. 


Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com


ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな


情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。


弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、


豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。


弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：


（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ


（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計


（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計


（４）航空エンド・ミル設計


（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル


（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル


（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計


（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計


弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：


（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計


（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給


（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給


（４）オートメーション整備調達


（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応


弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。     


Bewise
Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır.
Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini
Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik
Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel
Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz. 


BW специализируется
в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.


BW
is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide
material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for
mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products
include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card
cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread
reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and
worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline
shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please
visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.


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