BW Professional Cutter Expert www.tool-tool.com

 
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

 
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

 
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

 
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

 
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

 
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.

Bewise
Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
[摘
要]：简要介绍了当今世界数控技术发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状，并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术的几点看法。
[关
键词]：数控技术;发展趋势;战略思考;发展策略
在现代制造系统中，数控技术是关键技术，它集微电子、计算机、信息处理、自动检测、自动
控制等高新技术于一体，具有高精度、高效率、柔性自动化等特点，对制造业实现柔性自动化、集成化、智能化起着举足轻重的作用。目前，数控技术正在发生根本
性变革，由专用型封闭式开环控制模式向通用型开放式实时动态全闭环控制模式发展。在集成化基础上，数控系统实现了超薄型、超小型化;在智能化基础上，综合
了计算机、多媒体、模糊控制、神经网络等多学科技术，数控系统实现了高速、高精、高效控制，加工过程中可以自动修正、调节与补偿各项参数，实现了在线诊断
和智能化故障处理;在网络化基础上，CAD/CAM与数控系统集成为一体，机床联网，实现了中央集中控制的群控加工。长期以来，我国的数控系统为传统的封
闭式体系结构，CNC只能作为非智能的机床运动控制器。加工过程变量根据经验以固定参数形式事先设定，加工程序在实际加工前用手工方式或通过
CAD/CAM及自动编程系统进行编制。
CAD/CAM和CNC之间没有反馈控制环节，整个制造过程中CNC只是一个封闭式的开环执行机构。在复杂环境以及多变条件下，加工过程中的刀具组合、工
件材料、主轴转速、进给速率、刀具轨迹、切削深度、步长、加工余量等加工参数，无法在现场环境下根据外部干扰和随机因素实时动态调整，更无法通过反馈控制
环节随机修正CAD/CAM中的设定量，因而影响CNC的工作效率和产品加工质量。由此可见，传统CNC系统的这种固定程序控制模式和封闭式体系结构，限
制了CNC向多变量智能化控制发展，已不适应日益复杂的制造过程，因此，对数控技术实行变革势在必行。
1.智能化、开放式、网络化成为当
代数控系统发展的主要趋势
21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工
质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成;为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载
自动选定模型、自整定等;简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等;还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断
及维修等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改
变、增加或剪裁结构对象(数控功能)，形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系
统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当
前研究的核心。
2.高速、高精加工技术发展的新趋势
高速高精高效化速度、精度和效率是机械制造技术的关键性能指标。由于
采用了高速CPU芯片、RISC芯片、多CPU控制系统以及带高分辨率绝对式检测元件的交流数字伺服系统，同时采取了改善机床动态、静态特性等有效措施，
机床的高速高精高效化已大大提高。最大限度地发挥群控系统的效能。目前，我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以告诉加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。
美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大60 m/min，快速100
m/min，加速度为2g，主轴转速高达60000r/min，加工一薄壁飞机零件只需要30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床上加工需要3h，在普通
铣床上加工需要8h。
在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10um提高到了5 um，精密级加工中心已从3~5
um提高到了1~1.5 um，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01 um)。
在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达
6000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值已达到30000h以上，表现出了非常高的可靠性。为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如：直线电机、电主
轴得到了快速发展，应用领域进一步扩大。
3.数控系统向开放式体系结构发展
20世纪90年代以来，由于计算机技术的飞速
发展，推动数控技术更快的更新换代。世界上许多数控系统生产厂家利用PC机丰富的软、硬件资源开发开放式体系结构的新一代数控系统。开放式体系结构使数控
系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、可扩展性，并可以较容易的实现智能化、网络化。近几年许多国家纷纷研究开发这种系统，如美国科学制造中心(NCMS)
与空军共同领导的”下一代工作站/机床控制器体系结构”NGC，欧共体的”自动化系统中开放式体系结构”
OSACA，日本的OSEC计划等。开放式体系结构可以大量采用通用微机技术，使编程、操作以及技术升级和更新变得更加简单快捷。开放式体系结构的新一代
数控系统，其硬件、软件和总线规范都是对外开放的，数控系统制造商和用户可以根据这些开放的资源进行的系统集成，同时它也为用户根据实际需要灵活配置数控
系统带来极大方便，促进了数控系统多档次、多品种的开发和广泛应用，开发生产周期大大缩短。同时，这种数控系统可随CPU升级而升级，而结构可以保持不
变。
4.对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考
我国是制造大国，在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移，即要
掌握先进制造核心技术，否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中，我国制造业将进一步”空芯”。我们以资源、环境、市场为代价，交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格
局中的国际”加工中心”和”组装中心”，而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位，这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程。我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来
重视数控技术和产业问题，首先从社会安全看，因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业，制造业发展可提高人民的生活水平，而且还可缓解我国就业的压力，保障社
会的稳定。
参考文献：
[1] 周德俭，使用PC的开放式计算机数控系统–CNC的发展方向，机电一体化，1997
[2]
黄金秋，基于开放式结构的高性能数控系统的研制，制造技术与机床，1998
[3] 梁训、王宣
、周延佑，机床技术发展的新动向[J]，世界制造技术与装备市场，2001
[4]
中国机床工具工业协会，数控系统分会，CIMT2001巡礼[J]，世界制造技术与装备市场，2001
http://www.ttzyw.com/Department/pc/jx/200806/36460.html
歡
迎來到Bewise
Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的
不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS
DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897
NAS937orNAS907
航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專
用頂級電桿、PCD
V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合
再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到
大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！
BW Bewise
Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356
http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu
Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East
Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We
are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on
what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’
demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold &
die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert
in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please
feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product
including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide
end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897
NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling
cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed
steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical
Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride)
’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD
Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD
Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool.
INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond
‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты
‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD
(Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics
cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle
milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC
card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter
specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw
Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable
Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell
end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long
end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end
mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus
cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed
slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc.
www.tool-tool.com
ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情
報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊
富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：
（１）精密
ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ
（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計
（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
（４）
航空エンド・ミル設計
（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル
（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
（７）医療用品エン
ド・ミル設計
（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：
（１）生活
産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給
（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量
発注対応供給
（４）オートメーション整備調達
（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び
技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat
sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen
freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün
yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak
Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler,
Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey
Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в
научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения
большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the
most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting
/ milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry.
Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro
electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills,
cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter
for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter,
form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool,
with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

 

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.
Polythiophenes (PTs)
result from the polymerization
of thiophenes, a sulfur heterocycle, that
can become conducting
when electrons are
added or removed from the conjugated π-orbitals
via doping.
The study of polythiophenes has intensified over the last three
decades. The maturation of the field of conducting polymers was
confirmed by the awarding of the 2000 Nobel Prize
in Chemistry to Alan
Heeger, Alan
MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa
“for the discovery and development of conductive polymers." The most
notable property of these materials, electrical
conductivity, results from the delocalization of electrons along the
polymer backbone – hence the term “synthetic metals”. However,
conductivity is not the only interesting property resulting from
electron delocalization. The optical properties of these materials
respond to environmental stimuli, with dramatic color shifts in response
to changes in solvent,
temperature, applied
potential, and binding to other molecules. Both color changes and
conductivity changes are induced by the same mechanism—twisting of the
polymer backbone, disrupting conjugation—making conjugated polymers
attractive as sensors
that can provide a range of optical and electronic responses.
A
number of comprehensive reviews
have been published on PTs, the earliest dating from 1981 Schopf and
Koßmehl published a comprehensive review of the literature published
between 1990 and 1994. Roncali surveyed electrochemical synthesis in
1992,and the electronic properties of substituted PTs in 1997.
McCullough’s 1998 review focussed on chemical synthesis of conducting
PTs.A general review of conjugated polymers from the 1990s was conducted
by Reddinger and Reynolds in 1999.^[ Finally, Swager et
al. examined conjugated-polymer-based chemical sensors in 2000.
These reviews are an excellent guide to the highlights of the primary PT
literature from the last two decades.
Electrons are delocalized
along the conjugated backbones of conducting polymers, usually through
overlap of π-orbitals, resulting in an extended π-system with a filled
valence band. By removing electrons from the π-system (“p-doping”), or
adding electrons into the π-system (“n-doping”), a charged unit called a
bipolaron is
formed (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Removal of two
electrons (p-doping) from a PT chain produces a bipolaron.
Doping
is performed at much higher levels (20–40%) in conducting polymers than
in semiconductors (<1%). The bipolaron moves as a unit up and down
the polymer chain, and is responsible for the macroscopically observed
conductivity of the polymer. For some samples of
poly(3-dodecylthiophene) doped with iodine, the conductivity can
approach 1000 S/cm. (In comparison, the conductivity of copper is approximately
5×10⁵ S/cm.) Generally, the conductivity of PTs is lower than
1000 S/cm, but high conductivity is not necessary for many applications
of conducting polymers (see below
for examples).
Simultaneous oxidation of the conducting polymer
and introduction of counterions, p-doping, can be accomplished electrochemically
or chemically.
During the electrochemical synthesis of a PT, counterions dissolved in
the solvent can associate with the polymer as it is deposited onto the
electrode in its oxidized form. By doping the polymer as it is
synthesized, a thick film can build up on an electrode—the polymer
conducts electrons from the substrate to the surface of the film.
Alternatively, a neutral conducting polymer film or solution can be
doped post-synthesis.
Reduction of the conducting polymer,
n-doping, is much less common than p-doping. An early study of
electrochemical n-doping of poly(bithiophene) found that the n-doping
levels are less than those of p-doping, the n-doping cycles were less
efficient, the number of cycles required to reach maximum doping was
higher, and the n-doping process appeared to be kinetically limited,
possibly due to counterion diffusion in the polymer.
A variety of
reagents have been used to dope PTs. Iodine and bromine produce high
conductivities but are unstable and slowly evaporate from the material. Organic acids,
including trifluoroacetic
acid, propionic
acid, and sulfonic
acids produce PTs with lower conductivities than iodine, but with
higher environmental stabilities.Oxidative polymerization with ferric chloride
can result in doping by residual catalyst, although matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
(MALDI-MS) studies have shown that poly(3-hexylthiophene)s are also
partially halogenated by the residual oxidizing agent.
Poly(3-octylthiophene) dissolved in toluene can be doped by
solutions of ferric chloride hexahydrate dissolved in acetonitrile, and
can be cast into films with conductivities reaching 1 S/cm. Other, less
common p-dopants include gold trichloride
and trifluoromethanesulfonic
acid.
The extended π-systems of conjugated PTs produce some
of the most interesting properties of these materials—their optical
properties. As an approximation, the conjugated backbone can be
considered as a real-world example of the “electron-in-a-box” solution
to the Schrödinger
equation; however, the development of refined models to accurately
predict absorption
and fluorescence
spectra of well-defined oligo(thiophene) systems is ongoing.^[17]
Conjugation relies upon overlap of the π-orbitals of the aromatic rings,
which, in turn, requires the thiophene rings to be coplanar (see Figure
2, top).

Figure 2. Conjugated
π-orbitals of a coplanar and a twisted substituted PT.
The number
of coplanar rings determines the conjugation length—the longer the
conjugation length, the lower the separation between adjacent energy levels, and
the longer the absorption wavelength. Deviation from coplanarity may be
permanent, resulting from mislinkages during synthesis or especially
bulky side chains;
or temporary, resulting from changes in the environment or binding.
This twist in the backbone reduces the conjugation length (see Figure 2,
bottom), and the separation between energy levels is increased. This
results in a shorter absorption wavelength.
Determining the
maximum effective conjugation length requires the synthesis of
regioregular PTs of defined length. The absorption band in the visible
region is increasingly red-shifted
as the conjugation length increases, and the maximum effective
conjugation length is calculated as the saturation point of the
red-shift. Early studies by ten Hoeve et al. estimated that the
effective conjugation extended over 11 repeat units, while later studies
increased this estimate to 20 units. More recently, Otsubo et al.
synthesized 48- and 96-mer oligothiophenes, and found that the
red-shift, while small (a difference of 0.1 nm between the 72- and the
96-mer), does not saturate, meaning that the effective conjugation
length may be even longer than 96 units.
A variety of
environmental factors can cause the conjugated backbone to twist,
reducing the conjugation length and causing an absorption band shift,
including solvent, temperature, application of an electric field, and
dissolved ions. The
absorption band of poly (3-thiophene acetic acid) in aqueous solutions
of poly(vinyl
alcohol) (PVA) shifts from 480 nm at pH 7 to 415 nm at pH 4. This
is attributed to formation of a compact coil structure which can form hydrogen bonds
with PVA upon partial deprotonation of the acetic acid group. Chiral PTs
showed no induced
circular dichroism (ICD) in chloroform, but
displayed intense, but opposite, ICDs in chloroform–acetonitrile
mixtures versus chloroform–acetone mixtures. Also, a PT with a chiral amino acid side
chain displayed moderate absorption band shifts and ICDs, depending upon
the pH and the concentration of buffer.
Shifts
in PT absorption bands due to changes in temperature result from a
conformational transition from a coplanar, rodlike structure at lower
temperatures to a nonplanar, coiled structure at elevated temperatures.
For example, poly(3-(octyloxy)-4-methylthiophene) undergoes a color
change from red–violet at 25 °C to pale yellow at 150 °C. An isosbestic point
(a point where the absorbance curves at all temperatures overlap)
indicates coexistence between two phases, which may exist on the same
chain or on different chains. Not all thermochromic PTs exhibit an
isosbestic point: highly regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (PATs)
show a continuous blue-shift with increasing temperature if the side
chains are short enough so that they do not melt and interconvert
between crystalline and disordered phases at low temperatures
Finally,
PTs can exhibit absorption shifts due to application of electric
potentials (electrochromism), or to introduction of alkali ions
(ionochromism).These effects will be discussed in the context of
applications of PTs below.
The asymmetry of 3-substituted
thiophenes results in three possible couplings when two monomers are
linked between the 2- and the 5-positions. These couplings are:

2,5’, or head–tail (HT), coupling

2,2’, or head–head
(HH), coupling

5,5’, or tail–tail (TT), coupling

These
three diads can be combined into four distinct triads, shown in Figure
3.

Figure 3.The four possible
triads resulting from coupling of 3-substituted thiophenes.
The
triads are distinguishable by NMR spectroscopy,
and the degree of regioregularity can be estimated by integration.
Elsenbaumer
et al. first noticed the effect of regioregularity on the
properties of PTs. A regiorandom copolymer of 3-methylthiophene and
3-butylthiophene possessed a conductivity of 50 S/cm, while a more
regioregular copolymer with a 2:1 ratio of HT to HH couplings had a
higher conductivity of 140 S/cm. Films of regioregular
poly(3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene) (POPT) with greater than 94% HT content
possessed conductivities of 4 S/cm, compared with 0.4 S/cm for
regioirregular POPT. PATs prepared using Rieke zinc formed “crystalline,
flexible, and bronze-colored films with a metallic luster." On the other
hand, the corresponding regiorandom polymers produced “amorphous and
orange-colored films.” Comparison of the thermochromic properties of the
Rieke PATs showed that, while the regioregular polymers showed strong
thermochromic effects, the absorbance spectra of the regioirregular
polymers did not change significantly at elevated temperatures. This was
likely due to the formation of only weak and localized conformational
defects.^{[citation
needed]} Finally, Xu and Holdcroft demonstrated that the
fluorescence absorption and emission maxima of poly(3-hexylthiophene)s
occur at increasingly lower wavelengths (higher energy) with increasing
HH dyad content. The difference between absorption and emission maxima,
the Stokes shift,
also increases with HH dyad content, which they attributed to greater
relief from conformational strain in the first excited state.
Unsubstituted
PTs are conductive after doping, and have excellent environmental
stability compared with some other conducting polymers such as polyacetylene, but
are intractable and soluble only in solutions like mixtures of arsenic trifluoride and
arsenic pentafluoride. However, in 1987 examples of organic-soluble PTs
were reported. Elsenbaumer et al., using a nickel-catalyzed Grignard
cross-coupling, synthesized two soluble PTs, poly(3-butylthiophene) and
poly(3-methylthiophene-'co'-3’-octylthiophene), which could be cast into
films and doped with iodine to reach conductivities of 4 to 6 S/cm.
Hotta et al. synthesized poly(3-butylthiophene) and
poly(3-hexylthiophene) electrochemically (and later chemically), and
characterized the polymers in solution and cast into films.The soluble
PATs demonstrated both thermochromism and solvatochromism (see above)
in chloroform and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran.
Also in 1987,
Wudl et al. reported the syntheses of water-soluble sodium
poly(3-thiophenealkanesulfonate)s. In addition to conferring water
solubility, the pendant sulfonate
groups act as counterions, producing self-doped conducting polymers.
Substituted PTs with tethered carboxylic acids,
acetic acids,
amino acids, and urethanesare
also water-soluble.
More recently,
poly(3-(perfluorooctyl)thiophene)s soluble in supercritical
carbon dioxide were electrochemically and chemically synthesized by
Collard et al.Finally, unsubstituted oligothiophenes capped at
both ends with thermally-labile alkyl esters were cast as films from
solution, and then heated to remove the solublizing end groups. Atomic force
microscopy (AFM) images showed a significant increase in long-range
order after heating.
Chemical synthesis offers two advantages
compared with electrochemical synthesis of PTs: a greater selection of
monomers, and, using the proper catalysts, the ability to synthesize
perfectly regioregular substituted PTs. While PTs may have been
chemically synthesized by accident more than a century ago, the first
planned chemical syntheses using metal-catalyzed polymerization of
2,5-dibromothiophene were reported by two groups independently in 1980.
Yamamoto et al. used magnesium in tetrahydrofuran
(THF) and nickel(bipyridine) dichloride, analogous to the Kumada coupling
of Grignard reagents to aryl halides. Lin and Dudek also used magnesium
in THF, but with a series of acetylacetonate
catalysts (Pd(acac)₂,
Ni(acac)₂,
Co(acac)₂,
and Fe(acac)₃).
Later developments produced higher molecular weight PTs than
those initial efforts, and can be grouped into two categories based on
their structure. Regioregular PTs can be synthesized by catalytic
cross-coupling reactions of bromothiophenes, while polymers with varying
degrees of regioregularity can be simply synthesized by oxidative
polymerization.
The first synthesis of perfectly regioregular
PATs was described by McCullough et al. in 1992. As shown in
Figure 5 (top),

Figure 5. Cross-coupling
methods for preparing regioregular PATs.
selective bromination
produces 2-bromo-3-alkylthiophene, which is followed by transmetallation
and then Kumada
cross-coupling in the presence of a nickel catalyst. This method
produces approximately 100% HT–HT couplings, according to NMR
spectroscopy analysis of the diads. In the method subsequently described
by Rieke et al. in 1993, 2,5-dibromo-3-alkylthiophene is treated
with highly reactive “Rieke zinc" to form a mixture of organometallic
isomers (Figure 5, bottom). Addition of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh₃)₄
produces a regiorandom polymer, but treatment with Ni(dppe)Cl₂
yields regioregular PAT in quantitative yield.
While the
McCullough and Rieke methods produce structurally homogenous PATs, they
require low temperatures, the careful exclusion of water and oxygen, and
brominated monomers. In contrast, the oxidative polymerization of
thiophenes using ferric chloride described by Sugimoto in 1986 can be
performed at room temperature under less demanding conditions. This
method has proven to be extremely popular; H.C. Stark's antistatic coating Clevios
P is prepared on a commercial scale using ferric chloride (see below).
A number of studies have been conducted in attempts to improve
the yield and quality of the product obtained using the oxidative
polymerization technique. In addition to ferric chloride, other
oxidizing agents, including ferric chloride hydrate, copper perchlorate, and
iron perchlorate have also been used successfully to polymerize
2,2’-bithiophene. Slow addition of ferric chloride to the monomer
solution produced poly(3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene)s with approximately
94% H–T content.Precipitation of ferric chloride in situ (in order to
maximize the surface area of the catalyst) produced significantly higher
yields and monomer conversions than adding monomer directly to
crystalline catalyst. Higher molecular weights were reported when dry
air was bubbled through the reaction mixture during polymerization.
Exhaustive Soxhlet
extraction after polymerization with polar solvents was found to
effectively fractionate the polymer and remove residual catalyst before
NMR spectroscopy. Using a lower ratio of catalyst to monomer (2:1,
rather than 4:1) may increase the regioregularity of
poly(3-dodecylthiophene)s. Andreani et al. reported higher yields
of soluble poly(dialkylterthiophene)s in carbon
tetrachloride rather than chloroform, which they attributed to the
stability of the radical species in carbon tetrachloride. Higher-quality
catalyst, added at a slower rate and at reduced temperature, was shown
to produce high molecular weight PATs with no insoluble polymer residue.
Laakso et al. used a factorial
design to determine that increasing the ratio of catalyst to monomer
increased the yield of poly(3-octylthiophene), and claimed that a
longer polymerization time also increased the yield.
The
mechanism of the oxidative polymerization using ferric chloride has been
controversial. Sugimoto et al. did not speculate on a mechanism
in their 1986 report. In 1992, Niemi et al. proposed a radical
mechanism, shown in Figure 6(top).

Figure 6. Proposed
mechanisms for ferric chloride oxidative polymerizations of thiophenes.
They
based their mechanism on two assumptions. First, since they observed
polymerization only in solvents where the catalyst was either partially
or completely insoluble (chloroform, toluene, carbon
tetrachloride, pentane,
and hexane, and not diethyl ether, xylene, acetone, or formic acid), they
concluded that the active sites of the polymerization must be at the
surface of solid ferric chloride. Therefore, they discounted the
possibilities of either two radical cations reacting with each other, or
two radicals reacting with each other, “because the chloride ions at
the surface of the crystal would prevent the radical cations or radicals
from assuming positions suitable for dimerization.” Second, using
3-methylthiophene as a prototypical monomer, they performed quantum
mechanical calculations to determine the energies and the total
atomic charges on the carbon atoms of the four possible polymerization
species (neutral 3-methylthiophene, the radical cation, the radical on
carbon 2, and the radical on carbon 5).

Since the most negative carbon of
the neutral 3-methylthiophene is also carbon 2, and the carbon with the
highest odd electron population of the radical cation is carbon 2, they
concluded that a radical cation mechanism would lead to mostly 2–2, H–H
links. They then calculated the total energies of the species with the
radicals at the 2 and the 5 carbons, and found that the latter was more
stable by 1.5 kJ/mol. Therefore, the more stable radical could react
with the neutral species, forming head-to-tail couplings as shown in
Figure 6 (top).
Andersson et al. offered an alternative
mechanism in the course of their studies of the polymerization of
3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene with ferric chloride, where they found a high
degree of regioregularity when the catalyst was added to the monomer
mixture slowly. They concluded that, given the selectivity of the
couplings, and the strong oxidizing conditions, the reaction could
proceed via a carbocation mechanism (Figure 6, middle).
The
radical mechanism was directly challenged in a short communication in
1995, when Olinga and François noted that thiophene could be polymerized
by ferric chloride in acetonitrile, a solvent in which the catalyst is
completely soluble. Their analysis of the kinetics of thiophene
polymerization also seemed to contradict the predictions of the radical
polymerization mechanism. Barbarella et al. studied the
oligomerization of 3-(alkylsulfanyl)thiophenes, and concluded from their
quantum mechanical calculations, and considerations of the enhanced
stability of the radical cation when delocalized over a planar
conjugated oligomer, that a radical cation mechanism analogous to that
generally accepted for electrochemical polymerization was more likely
(Figure 6, bottom). Given the difficulties of studying a system with a
heterogeneous, strongly oxidizing catalyst that produces difficult to
characterize rigid-rod polymers, the mechanism of oxidative
polymerization is by no means decided. However, the radical cation
mechanism shown in Figure 6 is generally accepted as the most likely
route for PT synthesis.
A number of applications have been
proposed for conducting PTs, but none has been commercialized. Potential
applications include field-effect
transistors,electroluminescent
devices, solar
cells, photochemical
resists, nonlinear
optic devices, batteries,
diodes, and chemical sensors. In general,
there are two categories of applications for conducting polymers. Static
applications rely upon the intrinsic conductivity
of the materials, combined with their ease of processing and material
properties common to polymeric materials. Dynamic applications utilize
changes in the conductive and optical properties, resulting either from
application of electric potentials or from environmental stimuli.

Figure 7. PEDOT-PSS (Clevios
P).
As an example of a static application, H.C. Starck’s poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene
sulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) product Clevios
P (Figure 7) has been extensively used as an antistatic coating (as
packaging materials for electronic components, for example). AGFA coats 200 m ×
10 m of photographic
film per year with Clevios because of its antistatic
properties. The thin layer of Clevios
is virtually transparent and colorless, prevents electrostatic
discharges during film rewinding, and reduces dust buildup on the
negatives after processing.
PEDOT can also be used in dynamic
applications where a potential is applied to a polymer film. The
electrochromic properties of PEDOT are used to manufacture windows and
mirrors which can become opaque or reflective upon the application of an
electric potential. Widespread adoption of electrochromic
windows could save billions of dollars per year in air conditioning
costs. Finally, Phillips has commercialized a mobile phone with
an electrically switchable PEDOT mirror.

Figure 8. Ionoselective PTs
reported by Bäuerle (left) and Swager (right).
The use of PTs as
sensors responding to an analyte has also been the subject of intense
research. In addition to biosensor
applications, PTs can also be functionalized with synthetic
receptors for detecting metal ions or chiral molecules
as well. PTs with pendant and main-chain crown ether
functionalities were reported in 1993 by the research groups of Bäuerle
and Swager, respectively (Figure 8). Electrochemically
polymerized thin films of the Bäuerle pendant crown ether PT were
exposed to millimolar concentrations of alkali cations (Li, Na,
and K). The current which passed through the film at a fixed potential
dropped dramatically in lithium
ion solutions, less so for sodium ion solutions, and only slightly for potassium ion
solutions. The Swager main chain crown ether PTs were prepared by
chemical coupling and characterized by absorbance
spectroscopy. Addition of the same alkali cations resulted in
absorbance shifts of 46 nm (Li), 91 nm (Na), and 22 nm (K). The size of
the shifts corresponds to the ion-binding preferences of the
corresponding crown ether, resulting from a twist in the conjugated
polymer backbone induced by ion binding.

Figure 9. Chiral PT
synthesized by Yashima and Goto.
In the course of their studies
of the optical properties of chiral PTs, Yashima and Goto found that a
PT with a chiral primary amine
(Figure 9) was sensitive to chiral amino alcohols, producing
mirror-image-split ICD responses in the π–transition region.This was the
first example of chiral recognition by PTs using a chiral detection
method (CD
spectroscopy). This distinguished it from earlier work by Lemaire et
al. who used an achiral detection method (cyclic
voltammetry) to detect incorporation of chiral dopant
anions into an electrochemically polymerized chiral PT.
 
 
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，
我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技
術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS
DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀
具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生
刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭
迎您親自體驗！！
BW
Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com /
FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan
S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve
wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic,
machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would
like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us,
its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace
cutting tool、hss
drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition
Diamond )’PCBN
(Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end
mills、CVD Diamond
Tools Inserts’PCD
Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD .
POWDER FORMING MACHINE
‘Single Crystal
Diamond ‘Metric
end mills、Miniature
end mills、Специальные
режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло
‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’
PCD (Polycrystalline
diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER
FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in
grooving floors’V-Cut
PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’
PCD Diamond Tool’
Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould
cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
よ
うこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の
世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給
できる内容は：
（１）精密
ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ
（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計
（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミ
ル設計
（４）航空エ
ンド・ミル設計
（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル
（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミ
ル
（７）医療用品エ
ンド・ミル設計
（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：
（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
（２）ミクロ・エ
ンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給
（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給
（４）オートメーション整備調達
（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応
弊社
の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise
Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır.
Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini
Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik
Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel
Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в
научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для
получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in
R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech
coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space
and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS
end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter,
shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill,
involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter,
thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain
sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com 
for more info.

 

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.
人工合成金刚石，在现代工业中占有重要地位，据不完全统计，近几十年
来，我国人工合成金刚石，年产量约为5~6亿克拉，居世界3-4位。
   
在人工合成金刚石过程中，金刚石的提纯，特别是金刚石颗粒表面去石墨是一个非常关键的环节。据报道，目前常用去石墨的方法是用HClO4、
HS2SO4+HNO3等。这些方法，虽然能有效地去掉金刚石颗粒表面的石墨，但由此带来的环境污染，特别是对操作人员的健康的影响非常严重。因此，不少
人为解决此问题作了很大的努力，如废气吸收等，但仍不能从根本上解决问题。针对这一情况，作者研究了一种以臭氧化气体代替酸煮工艺，从而从根本上解决了
Cl2、NO2对环境的污染和对操作人员身体健康的影响。
   
臭氧去除人造金刚石颗粒表面石墨的原理是基于臭氧在常温下极不稳定，易分解成O2+O，而原子态O的活性很高，在200℃以下，即可与C反应，其反应式为
2O3+C（石墨）=CO2+2O2。从反应付产物来看，CO2+2O2对环境和人体无影响。用此法对2000克拉金刚石进行了脱石墨处理，效果良好，其
产品质量达到或超过酸处理结果。
    经Ca(OH)2水溶液鉴定，实际上O3在105℃便与石墨开始作用。表1是O3
和纯石墨的反应条件及结果。由表可见O3在120℃与石墨有较强的反应，使装料减重0.9375克，约占总料重的16.7%，平均每克石墨耗臭氧量为
8.5克，与按上述反应式，计算出的臭氧耗量8克O3/克石墨非常接近，仅为理论值的1.06倍，可见O3的利用率是很高的。
   
但当臭氧和含10%石墨的金刚石料反应时，情况有所变化，其反应条件和结果示于表2中。由表2中可以看出下列结果：1）在105℃时，O3的确与金刚石中
的石墨发生反应，且随着反应温度和O3浓度的增加，反应速度也增加；2）当O3和石墨反应时，随反应温度和气体中O3浓度的增加，O3利用率变化不大，约
为理论值的2倍。因为这是气—固界面反应，在相同O3流量下，O3同纯石墨料的接触机率比金刚石料中石墨接触机率大，以及金刚石料进行实验，另外，由于臭
氧发生器与去石墨反应器尺寸的限制以及试图获得更多的反应信息，故将200克金刚石料分十三次进行实验，其中部分实验的条件与结果见表3。由表3可见，当
臭氧化气体流速增加时，反应速度增加，而臭氧耗量却有所降低，仅为理论值的1.75倍，却为14克O3/克石墨，这可能是因为随着臭氧化气体流速的增加，
臭氧与石墨的接触机率加大所致。
   
成本计算，按每克石墨臭氧14克计算，每克金刚石耗资为1分人民币。经进一步改进反应器结构，每克石墨耗臭氧8.4克，按此结果计算，每克金刚石耗资为
0.66分人民币。另外，即使按最差的结果，即每克石墨耗臭氧22克，每克金刚石耗资1.7分人民币。如果用酸处理石墨，按有关报道，每3000克金刚石
料耗资5元，耗电费2.6元，总共人民币7.5元，平均每克金刚石耗资为0.25分人民币，小于臭氧处理结果。
   
环境治理费或设备折旧费，据文献报道，年产960000克拉的金刚石厂，环境治理费每克金刚石需5分人民币，一年的治理费9600元，而臭氧设备折旧费一
年约6000~7000元，平均每克金刚石耗资3.6分人民币。把处理费和设备折旧费相加，臭氧处理每克金刚石耗资为4.2~5.3分人民币，而酸处理工
艺为5.285分人民币。这一结果至少可以说明，用臭氧处理不比酸处理成本高。更重要的是臭氧处理的付产物为CO2+O2，对大气无任何污染，对人体无任
何损害，而且操作轻松。而用酸处理，尽管经过吸收剂吸收，但仍有小量酸雾放在大气中，特别是操作人员要遭受Cl2或NO2之苦。
   
上述为初步结果，但它毕竟说明了一个重要事实，即用臭氧可去除人造金刚石料中的石墨，而且经进一步研究，在成本上有可能优于酸处理工艺至少是相当。这一技
术的成功，不仅为我国人工合成金刚石工业的发展，从根本上解决了环境污染问题，而且，减轻了操作人员的劳动强度，维护了身体健康。
 
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，
我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技
術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS
DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀
具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生
刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭
迎您親自體驗！！
BW
Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com /
FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan
S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve
wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic,
machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would
like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us,
its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace
cutting tool、hss
drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition
Diamond )’PCBN
(Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end
mills、CVD Diamond
Tools Inserts’PCD
Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD .
POWDER FORMING MACHINE
‘Single Crystal
Diamond ‘Metric
end mills、Miniature
end mills、Специальные
режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло
‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’
PCD (Polycrystalline
diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER
FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in
grooving floors’V-Cut
PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’
PCD Diamond Tool’
Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould
cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
よ
うこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の
世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給
できる内容は：
（１）精密
ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ
（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計
（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミ
ル設計
（４）航空エ
ンド・ミル設計
（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル
（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミ
ル
（７）医療用品エ
ンド・ミル設計
（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：
（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
（２）ミクロ・エ
ンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給
（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給
（４）オートメーション整備調達
（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応
弊社
の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise
Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır.
Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini
Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik
Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel
Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в
научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для
получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in
R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech
coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space
and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS
end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter,
shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill,
involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter,
thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain
sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com 
for more info.

 

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference
source from the internet.
近日，中国科学院物理研究所/北京凝聚态物理国家实验室固态量子信息实
验室的博士生蔡伟伟赴美国德克萨斯大学奥斯丁分校Rodney Ruoff教授的研究小组合作研究期间，在Rodney
Ruoff教授和陈东敏研究员的指导下，开发出一套化学气相沉积仪(CVD)，相关成果发表在《科学》杂志上。在这套沉积仪的基础上首次制备出可以媲美
HOPG的高品质13C同位素合成石墨，其中同位素13C和12C的比例在1%至99.5%可调。
石墨烯(graphene)作为碳家族
中又一种新的材料，它是由单层六角元胞(等角六边形)碳原子组成。这种材料具有丰富而新奇的物理现象。比如，石墨烯是一种零带隙半金属/半导体材料，具有
比硅高很多的载流子迁移率。近来观察到的显著的量子霍尔效应证实了，即使在室温下载流子在这种材料中的平均自由程和相干长度也可以达到微米级。此外，石墨
烯还可以被应用在复合材料、电池/超级电容、储氢材料、场发射材料以及超灵敏传感器等领域。因此，众多科研人员正在研究如何制备和表征其物理、化学、机械
性能。
通过各种方法，蔡伟伟及其指导教师还进一步把13C-石墨解离成13C-石墨烯及其衍生物13C-氧化石墨烯。这一新材料的出现为
研究石墨烯的物理、化学性能提供一个新的平台。例如，通过分析这种材料的二维13C-固相核磁共振谱(2D 13C-Solid State
NMR)，他们揭示了争议已久的氧化石墨烯化学结构。该研究成果对石墨稀的化学制备和氧化石墨烯的应用具有重大意义。相关结果发表在9月26日出版的《科
学》杂志上。另外，该材料也有助于研究石墨烯中的电输运性质，包括声子和核自旋对电输运的影响。目前，进一步的研究正在与物理所极端条件实验室的合作下展
开。（来源：中科院物理研究所）
 
歡迎來到Bewise
Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，
我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀
具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生
刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭
迎您親自體驗！！
BW
Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com
skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office
No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com /
FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan
S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW
tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting
tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best
cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve
wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic,
machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would
like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us,
its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace
cutting tool、hss
drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition
Diamond )’PCBN
(Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end
mills、CVD Diamond
Tools Inserts’PCD
Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD .
POWDER FORMING MACHINE
‘Single Crystal
Diamond ‘Metric
end mills、Miniature
end mills、Специальные
режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло
‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’
PCD (Polycrystalline
diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER
FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in
grooving floors’V-Cut
PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’
PCD Diamond Tool’
Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould
cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
よ
うこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の
世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給
できる内容は：
（１）精密
ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ
（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計
（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミ
ル設計
（４）航空エ
ンド・ミル設計
（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル
（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミ
ル
（７）医療用品エ
ンド・ミル設計
（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：
（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
（２）ミクロ・エ
ンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給
（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給
（４）オートメーション整備調達
（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応
弊社
の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise
Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z)
talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır.
Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini
Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik
Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel
Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в
научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым
высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих /
фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и
электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид /
быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC
картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы,
фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм
для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано
инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для
получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in
R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech
coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space
and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS
end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter,
shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill,
involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter,
thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain
sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com 
for more info.