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Simple filters[show]

An elliptic filter (also known as a Cauer filter, named after Wilhelm Cauer) is an electronic filter with equalized ripple (equiripple) behavior in both the passband and the stopband. The amount of ripple in each band is independently adjustable, and no other filter of equal order can have a faster transition in gain between the passband and the stopband, for the given values of ripple (whether the ripple is equalized or not). Alternatively, one may give up the ability to independently adjust the passband and stopband ripple, and instead design a filter which is maximally insensitive to component variations.

As the ripple in the stopband approaches zero, the filter becomes a type I Chebyshev filter. As the ripple in the passband approaches zero, the filter becomes a type II Chebyshev filter and finally, as both ripple values approach zero, the filter becomes a Butterworth filter.

The gain of a lowpass elliptic filter as a function of angular frequency ω is given by:

$G_n(\omega) = {1 \over \sqrt{1 + \epsilon^2 R_n^2(\xi,\omega/\omega_0)}}$

where R_n is the nth-order elliptic rational function (sometimes known as a Chebyshev rational function) and

ω₀ is the cutoff frequency :ε is the ripple factor :ξ is the selectivity factor

The value of the ripple factor specifies the passband ripple, while the combination of the ripple factor and the selectivity factor specify the stopband ripple.

[edit] Properties

The frequency response of a fourth-order elliptic low-pass filter with ε=0.5 and ξ=1.05. Also shown are the minimum gain in the passband and the maximum gain in the stopband, and the transition region between normalized frequency 1 and ξ

A closeup of the transition region of the above plot.

In the passband, the elliptic rational function varies between zero and unity. The passband of the gain therefore will vary between 1 and $1/\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2}$ .

In the stopband, the elliptic rational function varies between infinity and the discrimination factor L_n which is defined as:

$L_n=R_n(\xi,\xi)\,$

The gain of the stopband therefore will vary between 0 and $1/\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2L_n^2}$ .

In the limit of $\xi \rightarrow \infty$ the elliptic rational function becomes a Chebyshev polynomial, and therefore the filter becomes a Chebyshev type I filter, with ripple factor ε

Since the Butterworth filter is a limiting form of the Chebyshev filter, it follows that in the limit of $\xi \rightarrow \infty$ , $\omega_0 \rightarrow 0$ and $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ such that $\epsilon\,R_n(\xi,1/\omega_0)=1$ the filter becomes a Butterworth filter

In the limit of $\xi \rightarrow \infty$ , $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ and $\omega_0\rightarrow 0$ such that ξω₀ = 1 and εL_n = α, the filter becomes a Chebyshev type II filter with gain

$G(\omega)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{\alpha^2 T^2_n(1/\omega)}}}$

[edit] Poles and zeroes

Log of the absolute value of the gain of an 8th order elliptic filter in complex frequency space (s=σ+jω) with ε=0.5, ξ=1.05 and ω₀ = 1. The white spots are poles and the black spots are zeroes. There are a total of 16 poles and 8 double zeroes. What appears to be a single pole and zero near the transition region is actually four poles and two double zeroes as shown in the expanded view below. In this image, black corresponds to a gain of 0.0001 or less and white corresponds to a gain of 10 or more.

An expanded view in the transition region of the above image, resolving the four poles and two double zeroes.

The zeroes of the gain of an elliptic filter will coincide with the poles of the elliptic rational function, which are derived in the article on elliptic rational functions.

The poles of the gain of an elliptic filter may be derived in a manner very similar to the derivation of the poles of the gain of a type I Chebyshev filter. For simplicity, assume that the cutoff frequency is equal to unity. The poles (ω_pm) of the gain of the elliptical filter will be the zeroes of the denominator of the gain. Using the complex frequency s = σ + jω this means that:

$1+\epsilon^2R_n^2(-js,\xi)=0\,$

Defining − js = cd(w,1 / ξ) where cd() is the Jacobi elliptic cosine function and using the definition of the elliptic rational functions yields:

$1+\epsilon^2\mathrm{cd}^2\left(\frac{nwK_n}{K},\frac{1}{L_n}\right)=0\,$

where K = K(1 / ξ) and K_n = K(1 / L_n). Solving for w

$w=\frac{K}{nK_n}\mathrm{cd}^{-1}\left(\frac{\pm j}{\epsilon},\frac{1}{L_n}\right)+\frac{mK}{n}$

where the multiple values of the inverse cd() function are made explicit using the integer index m.

The poles of the elliptic gain function are then:

$s_{pm}=i\,\mathrm{cd}(w,1/\xi)\,$

As is the case for the Chebyshev polynomials, this may be expressed in explicitly complex form (Lutovac 2001 § 12.8)

$s_{pm}=\frac{a+jb}{c}$

$a=-\zeta_n\sqrt{1-\zeta_n^2}\sqrt{1-x_m^2}\sqrt{1-x_m^2/\xi^2}$

$b=x_m\sqrt{1-\zeta_n^2(1-1/\xi^2)}$

$c=1-\zeta_n^2+x_i^2\zeta_n^2/\xi^2$

where ζ_n is a function of $n,\,\epsilon$ and ξ and x_m are the zeroes of the elliptic rational function. ζ_n is expressible for all n in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, or algebraically for some orders, especially orders 1,2, and 3. For orders 1 and 2 we have

$\zeta_1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2}}$

$\zeta_2=\frac{2}{(1+t)\sqrt{1+\epsilon^2}+\sqrt{(1-t)^2+\epsilon^2(1+t)^2}}$

where

$t=\sqrt{1-1/\xi^2}$

The algebraic expression for ζ₃ is rather involved (See (Lutovac 2001 § 12.8.1)).

The nesting property of the elliptic rational functions can be used to build up higher order expressions for ζ_n:

$\zeta_{m\cdot n}(\xi,\epsilon)= \zeta_m\left(\xi,\sqrt{\frac{1}{\zeta_n^2(L_m,\epsilon)}-1}\right)$

where L_m = R_m(ξ,ξ).

[edit] Minimum Q-factor elliptic filters

The normalized Q-factors of the poles of an 8-th order elliptic filter with ξ=1.1 as a function of ripple factor ε. Each curve represents four poles, since complex conjugate pole pairs and positive-negative pole pairs have the same Q-factor. (The blue and cyan curves nearly coincide). The Q-factor of all poles are simultaneously minimized at ε_Qmin=1/√L_n=0.02323...

See (Lutovac 2001 § 12.11) and (Lutovac 2001 § 13.14)

Elliptic filters are generally specified by requiring a particular value for the passband ripple, stopband ripple and the sharpness of the cutoff. This will generally specify a minimum value of the filter order which must be used. Another design consideration is the sensitivity of the gain function to the values of the electronic components used to build the filter. This sensitivity is inversely proportional to the quality factor (Q-factor) of the poles of the transfer function of the filter. The Q-factor of a pole is defined as:

$Q =-\frac{|s_{pm}|}{2\mathrm{Re} (s_{pm})} = -\frac{1}{2\cos(\arg(s_{pm}))}$

and is a measure of the influence of the pole on the gain function. For an elliptic filter, it happens that, for a given order, there exists a relationship between the ripple factor and selectivity factor which simultaneously minimizes the Q-factor of all poles in the transfer function:

$\epsilon_{Qmin}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{L_n(\xi)}}$

This results in a filter which is maximally insensitive to component variations, but the ability to independently specify the passband and stopband ripples will be lost. For such filters, as the order increases, the ripple in both bands will decrease and the rate of cutoff will increase. If one decides to use a minimum-Q elliptic filter in order to achieve a particular minimum ripple in the filter bands along with a particular rate of cutoff, the order needed will generally be greater than the order one would otherwise need without the minimum-Q restriction. An image of the absolute value of the gain will look very much like the image in the previous section, except that the poles are arranged in a circle rather than an ellipse. They will not be evenly spaced and there will be zeroes on the ω axis, unlike the Butterworth filter, whose poles are also arranged in a circle.

[edit] Comparison with other linear filters

Here is an image showing the elliptic filter next to other common kind of filters obtained with the same number of coefficients:

As is clear from the image, elliptic filters are sharper than all the others, but they show ripples on the whole bandwidth.

[edit] References

Daniels, Richard W. (1974). Approximation Methods for Electronic Filter Design. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-015308-6.

Lutovac, Miroslav D.; Tosic, Dejan V., Evans, Brian L. (2001) (in English). Filter Design for Signal Processing using MATLAB© and Mathematica©. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-201-36130-2.

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