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巴氏合金(Babbitt metal)是具有減摩特性的錫基和鉛基軸承合金。由美國人巴比特發明而得名。因其呈白色，又稱白合金。主要合金成分是錫、鉛、銻、銅。銻、銅，用以提高合金強度和硬度。巴氏合金的組織特點是，在軟相基體上均勻分布著硬相質點，軟相基體使合金具有非常好的嵌藏性、順應性和抗咬合性，並在磨合後，軟基體內凹，硬質點外凸，使滑動面之間形成微小間隙，成為貯油空間和潤滑油通道，利於減摩；上凸的硬質點起支承作用，有利於承載。巴氏合金除製造滑動軸承外，因其質地軟、強度低，常將其絲或粉噴塗在鋼等基體上製成軸瓦使用。巴氏合金分錫基(見錫合金)和鉛基合金兩種。後者含銻10％～20％，錫5 ％～15％，為防止成分偏析和細化晶粒，還常加入少量的砷。鉛基合金的強度和硬度比錫基合金低，耐蝕性也差。
Babbitt, also called Babbitt metal or bearing metal, is any of several alloys used to provide the bearing surface in a plain bearing. The original Babbitt metal was invented in 1839 by Isaac Babbittin Taunton, Massachusetts, USA. Today the term is usually used to describe a series of alloys used as bearing metal (not just Isaac Babbitt's original formulation). The term is often lowercased (babbitt)in the same way that "diesel" is, reflecting this broader sense that deemphasizes the eponymity.
The term "white metal" is also used in reference to bearing metal, but it is ambiguous because of the wide variety of senses that it has been used for over the centuries.
A wide variety of Babbitt alloys exist. Some common compositions are:
- 90% tin, 10% copper
- 89% tin, 7% antimony, 4% copper
- 80% lead, 15% antimony, 5% tin
- A lead-tin based Babbitt (75% lead, 10% tin)
- A copper-lead based Babbitt (76% copper, 24% lead)
- A copper-lead-tin based Babbitt composed of (67% copper, 28% tin, 5% lead)
Originally used as a cast in place bulk bearing material, it is now more commonly used as a thin surface layer in a complex, multi metal structure. Babbitt metal is characterized by its resistance to galling.
Babbitt metal is soft and easily damaged, and seems at first sight an unlikely candidate for a bearing surface, but this appearance is deceptive. The structure of the alloy is made up of small hard crystals dispersed in a metal matrix composite of softer alloy. As the bearing wears the harder crystal is exposed, with the matrix eroding somewhat to provide a path for the lubricant between the high spots that provide the actual bearing surface. Tin gives Babbitt the property of lubrication if run without a lubricant. The friction will cause the tin to melt out to prevent or reduce damage to the shaft.
Combustion motors use the tin based Babbitt. The Tin based Babbitt is able to stand up to the pounding found in the combustion motor. Lead based Babbitt tends to work harden and create cracks which will lead to the bearing failing.
Lead based Babbitt can be used with constant turning tools such as saws.
In the traditional style of white metal bearing, a cast iron pillow block is assembled as a loose fit around the shaft, with the shaft in approximately its final position. The inner face of the cast iron pillow block is often drilled to form a key to locate the bearing metal as it is cast into place. The ends of the bearing are packed with clay and molten white metal poured into the cavity around the shaft, initially half filling the pillow block. The bearing is stripped, and the white metal trimmed back to the top surface of the pillow block. Hardened white metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife or sharp chisel.
A steel shim is inserted to protect the face of the lower bearing and to space the cap of the pillow block away from the shaft. After resealing the ends with clay, more white metal is then poured to fill the cap of the pillow block through the hole in the top of the pillow block cap that will eventually be a lubrication hole.
The two halves of the bearing are then split at the shim, the oil holes cleared of white metal and oil ways are cut into the surface of the new bearing. The shaft is smeared with engineer's blue and rotated in the bearing. When the bearing is disassembled the blue fills the hollows and is rubbed off the high spots. The high spots are scraped down, and the process repeated, until a uniform and evenly distributed pattern of blue shows when the shaft is removed. The bearing is then cleaned and lubricated, and shimmed up such that the shaft is held firmly but not binding in the bearing. The bearing is then "run in" by being run heavily lubricated at low load and revolution, completing the process of exposing the hard bearing surface. After final adjustment of the shimming, a very reliable and high load capability bearing results.
Before the advent of low cost electric motors, power was distributed through factories from a central engine via overhead shafts running in hundreds of Babbitt bearings.
The expression a "run bearing" also derives from this style of bearing, since failure of lubrication will lead to heat build up due to friction in the bearing, eventually leading to the white metal liquefying and running out of the pillow block.
Until the mid 1930s poured Babbitt bearings were common in automotive applications. A form was used and the Babbitt poured into the block or caps. Tin based Babbitts were used as they could stand up to the impact loads found on the rods and crankshaft. The poured babbitt bearings were kept thin. The rods and caps would have shims that could be peeled off as the Babbitt wore. Ford was known to use two .002" on each cap and Babbitt that was 86% Tin 7% Copper 7% Antimony (see the KRW catalogs for the Model T). Steel shims were used as the brass shims used today tend to compress over time contributing to shorter bearing life. The poured Babbitt bearings commonly get over 50,000 miles of use before needing replacement. Poured Babbitt bearings are also known to fail gracefully allowing the car to be driving for extended periods of time. The failed bearing is not likely to damage the crankshaft.
In more modern practice, the crankshaft and connecting rod big end bearings in a modern automobile engine have bearings made of a replaceable steel shell, keyed to the bearing caps. The inner surface of the steel shell is plated with a coating of bronze which is in turn coated with a thin layer of Babbitt metal as the bearing surface.
The process of laying down this layer of white metal is known as Babbitting.
In many applications, rolling-element bearings, such as ball or roller bearings, have replaced Babbitt bearings. Though such bearings can offer a lower coefficient of friction than plain bearings, their key advantage is that they can operate reliably without a continuous pressurized supply of lubricant. Ball and roller bearings can also be used in configurations that are required to carry both radial and axial thrusts. However, rolling-element bearings lack the beneficial damping and shock-load capability provided by fluid-film bearings, such as the Babbitt.
バビット・メタルは、すべり軸受用の合金（軸受合金）である。ホワイトメタルとも呼ばれる（ただし、単にホワイトメタルといった場合は、ハンダなどの錫基の低融点合金一般をさす場合がある）。1839年にアイザック・バビットが発明し た。すべり軸受けに必要とされる機能は、軸とのなじみのいいこと（軟質の低融点合金が有利）、焼付きを起こしにくいこと、長時間使うことのできる耐摩耗性 を有すること（硬質の金属が有利）、耐疲労性を有することであり、低融点のスズ・鉛を母材として硬質の微細組織を分散させることで、相反する機能のバラン スをとっている。この合金を使用した軸受の進歩により面圧が高くてもころ軸受を使用せずにプレーン軸受で足りるようになった。
一般的なバビット・メタルの組成は以下のとおりである。
基本的に低荷重用の合金なので、現在ではエンジン用すべり軸受け表面のなじみ性を改善するために、0.1mm以下の薄膜として用いられる。また、低融点で成型できる利点を生かしてメタルフィギュアやメタルキットなどの模型の素材として、ジャンル（ミリタリー、鉄道模型、キャラクター物）を問わず使われている。またスズの兵隊や鉛の兵隊の素材もこの金属である。模型、玩具関連では近年、環境汚染を引き起こし得る鉛の使用が制限されつつあり、徐々に他の合金へ移行しつつある。
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