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此案例為碧威協助一石材加工客戶測試研磨石材，市面氧化矽拋光液產品甚多，此客戶也嘗試過多家拋光液，但研磨後表面光澤度都達不了客戶要求，客戶要求研磨後表面光澤度需達90以上的二氧化矽(二氧化硅)拋光液，碧威所生產氧化矽拋光液廣泛用於精密光學器件、藍寶石片…精密拋光為多，而未嘗試過石材研磨拋光，故碧威工程師特地前往與客戶接觸了解加工需求後並協助，在此案例碧威所提供的鹼性二氧化矽拋光液是以高純矽粉為原料，在催化劑作用下，通過熱水解的方法生產。廣泛用於奈米級的化學機械拋光...

刀具切割-單刃銑刀鋁板切割應用案例


碧威工程師深入再了解客戶使用狀況及刀具狀況，發現客戶加工操作時，切割深度過深，以至於排屑溝槽累積鋁屑過多無法順利排屑而造成加工工件毛邊，甚至斷刀情形。工廠加工為求速度，而忽略切割深度問題，然而卻易造成刀具損耗及工件NG，因而間接增長工件加工時數，反而得不償失，這也是我們一直以來在跟客戶溝通建立的觀念，使用刀具一定要掌握兩大要點—“刀具選擇要正確及刀具使用方式要正確”，加工效率效益自然就會提升。

此份切削刀具材料比較表中包含了以下八種切削刀具材料在各種屬性下之比較表：

Indium tin oxide (ITO, or tin-doped indium oxide) is a solid solution of indium(III) oxide (In2O3) and tin(IV) oxide (SnO2), typically 90% In2O3, 10% SnO2 by weight. It is transparent and colorless in thin layers while in bulk form it is yellowish to grey. In the infrared region of the spectrum it is a metal-like mirror.
Indium tin oxide is one of the most widely used transparent conducting oxides because of its two chief properties, its electrical conductivity and optical transparency, as well as the ease with which it can be deposited as a thin film. As with all transparent conducting films, a compromise must be made between conductivity and transparency, since increasing the thickness and increasing the concentration of charge carriers will increase the material's conductivity, but decrease its transparency.
Thin films of indium tin oxide are most commonly deposited on surfaces by electron beam evaporation, physical vapor deposition, or a range of sputter deposition techniques.
Common uses
ITO is mainly used to make transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal displays, flat panel displays, plasma displays, touch panels, electronic ink applications, organic light-emitting diodes, solar cells, antistatic coatings and EMI shieldings. In organic light-emitting diodes, ITO is used as the anode (hole injection layer).
ITO has been used as a conductive material in the plastic electroluminescent lamp of toy Star Wars type lightsabers.[1]
ITO is also used for various optical coatings, most notably infrared-reflecting coatings (hot mirrors) for architectural, automotive, and sodium vapor lamp glasses. Other uses include gas sensors, antireflection coatings, electrowetting on dielectrics, and Bragg reflectors for VCSEL lasers.
ITO was used as a sensor coating in the later Kodak DCS cameras, starting with the Kodak DCS 520, as a means of increasing blue channel response.[2] It is reportedly used as a sensor coating in the Canon 400D/XTi and Sony Alpha DSLR-A100[citation needed].
ITO thin film strain gauges can operate at temperatures up to 1400 °C and can be used in harsh environments, e.g. gas turbines, jet engines, and rocket engines.[3]
[edit] Material and spectral properties
ITO is a heavily-doped n-type semiconductor with a large bandgap. Because of the bandgap, it is mostly transparent in the visible part of the spectrum. In the ultraviolet, it is opaque because of band-to-band absorption (a UV photon can excite an electron from the valence band to the conduction band). In the near infrared, it also opaque, because of free carrier absorption (an infrared photon can excite an electron from near the bottom of the conduction band to higher within the conduction band).
Alternatives
 
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Because of high cost and limited supply of indium, the fragility and lack of flexibility of ITO layers, and the costly layer deposition requiring vacuum, alternatives are being sought. Carbon nanotube conductive coatings are a prospective replacement.[4][5] As another carbon-based alternative, films of graphene are flexible and have been shown to allow 90% transparency with a lower electrical resistance than standard ITO.[6] Thin metal films are also seen as a potential replacement material. Inherently conductive polymers (ICPs) are also being developed for some ITO applications. Typically the conductivity is lower for conducting polymers, such as polyaniline and PEDOT:PSS, than inorganic materials, but they are more flexible, less expensive and more environmentally friendly in processing and manufacture. Other, inorganic alternatives include aluminium, gallium or indium—doped zinc oxide (AZO, GZO or IZO).
[edit] Constraints and trade-offs
 
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The main concern about ITO is the cost. ITO can be priced at several times that of aluminium zinc oxide (AZO). AZO is a common choice of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) because of cost and relatively good optical transmission performance in the solar spectrum. However, ITO does consistently defeat AZO in almost every performance category including chemical resistance to moisture. ITO is not affected by moisture and it can survive in a CIGS cell for 25–30 years on a rooftop. While the sputtering target or evaporative material that is used to deposit the ITO is significantly more costly than AZO, consider that the amount of material placed on each cell is quite small. Therefore the cost penalty per cell is quite small too.
[edit] Benefits
 
 
 
 
Surface morphology changes in Al:ZnO and i-/Al:ZnO upon dump heat (DH) exposure (optical interferometry)[7]
The primary advantage of ITO compared to AZO as a transparent conductor for LCDs is that ITO can be precisely etched into fine patterns.[8] AZO cannot be etched as precisely: It is so sensitive to acid that it tends to get over-etched by an acid treatment.[8]
Another benefit of ITO compared to AZO is that if moisture does penetrate, ITO will degrade less than AZO.[7]
[edit] Research examples
ITO can be used in nanotechnology to provide a path to a new generation of solar cells. Solar cells made with these devices have the potential to provide low-cost, ultra-lightweight, and flexible cells with a wide range of applications. Because of the nanoscale dimensions of the nanorods, quantum-size effects influence their optical properties. By tailoring the size of the rods, they can be made to absorb light within a specific narrow band of colors. By stacking several cells with different sized rods, a broad range of wavelengths across the solar spectrum can be collected and converted to energy. Moreover, the nanoscale volume of the rods leads to a significant reduction in the amount of semiconductor material needed compared to a conventional cell.[9]
引用出處： 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide

微小徑切削刀具的製備工藝是制約微細切削技術發展的難點之一。精密微細機械磨削和電火花線電極磨削（WEDG）、聚焦離子束濺射（FIB）等特種加工方法是目前主要的微細刀具製備技術。
（1）精密微小磨削工藝
磨削工藝是比較成熟的刀具製備和修整方法。微小刀具的精密磨削工藝主要採用金剛石砂輪，能夠實現高速鋼和硬質合金材料的高效成形。該工藝的要點是：為防止小直徑刀具折斷，應合理確定刃磨時的磨削壓力。通過對砂輪施加振動，可以顯著減小磨削力和最小成形直徑。

很多淬火後的模具要求較高及難度較大，所以使用一般硬質合金銑刀精度達不到，那麼加工淬火料刀具的選擇應注意本文提出的幾點。

氧化銦錫 (ITO，或者摻錫氧化銦)是一種銦（III族）氧化物 (In2O3) and 錫（IV族）氧化物 (SnO2)的混合物，通常質量比為90% In2O3，10% SnO2。它在薄膜狀時，為透明無色。在塊狀態時，它呈黃偏灰色。
氧化銦錫主要的特性是其電學傳導和光學透明的組合。然而，薄膜沉積中需要作出妥協，因為高濃度電荷載流子將會增加材料的電導率，但會降低它的透明度。

鈦合金以優異的綜合力學性能、低密度以及良好的耐腐蝕性，被譽為是一種使人類走向太空時代的戰略性金屬材料，不僅在航空航天及軍工領域得到廣泛的使用，而且開始逐漸滲透到經濟生活的各個方面。隨著切削刀具產業的發展，鈦合金的加工技術受到更多的關注和研究。
鈦合金的分類
鈦合金按照不同的方法有不同的分類，最常用的分類方法是按退火後組織特點分類，可分成α、α+β、β型鈦合金

木工刀具/銑刀選用的依據
被切削材料的性質
木材切削的對象是實木和木質複合材料。實木又可劃分為軟材、硬材和改性處理的木材等；木質複合材料包括膠合板、單板層積材、鉋花板、定向鉋花板、大片鉋花板、石膏鉋花板、水泥鉋花板、硬質纖維板、中密度纖維板、高密度纖維板、細木工板、膠合成材等。有些木材或木質複合材料工件還要經過單面或雙面貼面裝飾處理。
切削方向
實木切削時，根據刀刃相對木材纖維的方向將木材切削分為縱、橫、端向和縱端向、縱橫向和橫端向切削。
刀具回轉方向和進給方向
依據機床刀軸的回轉方向和木材工件進給的方向，確定刀具上刀刃的傾斜方向。
刀具與工件穩定性
刀具與工件在切削加工過程中的穩定性包括幾個方面的內容，工件的穩定性是指木材工件在切削加工中平穩進給而不發生跳動。加強工件穩定性採取的措施主要有降低工件重心和增大接觸面積。
加工表面質量要求
木材工件表面質量包括表面粗糙度、幾何尺寸和形狀位置精度。

高速鋼是一種含多量碳(C)、鎢(W)、鉬(Mo)、鉻(Cr)、釩(V)等元素的高合金鋼，熱處理後具有高熱硬性。當切削溫度高達600°C以上時，硬度仍無明顯下降，用其製造的刀具切削速度可達每分鐘60米以上，而得其名。高速鋼按化學成分可分為普通高速鋼及高性能高速鋼，按製造工藝可分為熔煉高速鋼及粉末冶金高速鋼。
普通高速鋼
高速鋼是製造形狀複雜、磨削困難的刀具的主要材料。
普通高速鋼可滿足一般需求。常見的普通高速鋼有兩種，鎢系高速鋼和鎢鉬系高速鋼。

 
繼上一篇介紹銑刀的選用後，這篇要繼續介紹以銑刀之外型與用途分類。

銑刀的選用
銑床工作必須有種類正確和刀口情形良好的銑刀相配和才能作好工作。平銑刀、側銑刀、面銑刀，成形銑刀，端銑刀、鋸割銑刀是常用的銑刀。銑刀的特色是一片銑刀上有許多刀齒，有些銑刀只有兩三條刀齒而一些有相當多的刀齒，故銑刀被稱為多刀齒刀具。