BW Professional Cutter Expert www.tool-tool.com

http://tw.tool-tool.com/diamond-dtm.html

A、按材質分為：

1、 天然鑽石（ND）刀具：天然鑽石（金剛石）硬度達HV9000-10000，是自然界中最硬的物質。制成刀具在切削中可長時間保持尺寸的 穩定，故而有很長的使用壽命。用天然鑽石制作的刀具其刃口圓弧部分在400倍顯微鏡下觀察無缺口，適用於加工金、銀、銅、鋁（鋁合金）、鋅（鋅合金）、亞 克力（有機玻璃）等材料。表現粗糙度可達到Ra（0.01-0.025）μm

2、人造單晶鑽石（SND）刀具：人造單晶鑽石（金剛石）硬 度略遜於天然鑽石，性能都與天然鑽石不相上下，是在高溫高壓下將金剛石微粉加溶劑 聚合而成的多晶體材料，硬度比天然金剛石低（HV6000左右），其與硬質合金刀具相比，硬度高出3-4倍；耐磨性和壽命高50-100倍；切削速度可提 高5-20倍；粗糙度可達到Ra0.05μm，光亮度遜於天然鑽石刀具。且切削效率高、加工精度穩定。

3、聚晶金剛石刀 具（PCD）：PCD的硬度可達8000HV，為硬質合金的80～120倍；導熱係數為700W／mK，為硬質合金的 1.5～9倍，甚至高於PCBN和銅，因此PCD刀具熱量傳遞迅速；摩擦係數一般僅為0.1～0.3（硬質合金的摩擦係數為0.4～1），其可顯著減小切 削力；熱膨脹係數僅為0.9×10︿-6～1.18×10︿-6，僅相當於硬質合金的1／5，故刀具熱變形小，加工精度高；且其與有色金屬和非金屬材料間 的親和力很小，在加工過程中切屑不易粘結在刀尖上形成積屑瘤。

4、立方氮化硼刀具（PCBN）：CBN（立方氮化硼）機夾刀片，立方結構 的氮化硼，分子式為BN，其晶體結構（圖1）類似金剛石，硬度略低 於金剛石，為HV72000～98000兆帕，常用作磨料和刀具材料。其廣泛用於模具行業、鑄鐵件精密加工及鋼材淬火後的精密加工需求；而用加工效果可達 到以車代磨（即車後就可達到磨削效果），比普通刀具有非常優越的性價比。

B、按刀具類型分為：

CNC精密車床刀、CD紋刀、銘牌／標牌高光刀具、亞克力（有機玻璃）直邊／斜面刀具、成形刀、OR（外弧形）刀、UR（內弧形）刀、倒角刀、鏜孔刀、雕刻刀、精雕刀、電鑄模具刀、整流子精車刀等，

C、按行業分類：

切削鋸片、木工刀具（強化地板刀具係列、封邊刀係列、平口槽刀係列、園弧刀係列等）、線路板刀、金屬加工刀具（發動機專用係列刀具、汽車輪轂專用係列刀具等）、非金屬加工刀具（切紙刀、塑料薄膜車刀、橡膠車刀等）；眼鏡行業用刀、鐘表行業用刀、手機鏡片行業等等；

三、 刀具適用範圍：五金車件、汽車配件、表面處理、工藝制品、精雕、銅料批花、手機金屬按鍵、手機外殼、數碼外殼、金屬高光批花、鐘表表面、 字釘、表殼內映刀、銘牌、標牌高光批花、車CD紋、車七彩紋、車太陽紋、鋁制品高光、電器外殼批花、電器面板、車載面板、電腦周邊設備、電腦透明機箱、亞 克力拋光、壓加力／有機玻璃）高光（或拋光）倒角、鏡片、視窗、電機整流子精車加工等等。

專業PCD鑽石車刀製造廠商、可以針對客戶生產特殊PCD車刀片、以符合客戶再難切削材料上加工、提供客戶資訊與加工技術～～

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

Bewise Inc.   www.tool-tool.com     Reference source from the internet.

Improving Aerospace Engines with Advanced Materials

Ceramics and Metal Alloys Survive High Temperatures

Advanced ceramics and high performance superalloys are playing an important role in improving aerospace engines as aerospace manufacturers look for high-temperature materials that increase performance, improve fuel efficiency and satisfy safety standards, while at the same time lowering manufacturing costs.

An example of superalloys available for high temperature braze repair applications are pre-sintered preforms, a customized blend of the superalloy base and a low melting braze alloy powder in either a plate form, specific shape, paste, or paint. PSPs are used extensively for reconditioning, crack repair and dimensional restoration of such aerospace engine components as turbine blades and vanes.

By Fred Kimock

Morgan Technical Ceramics

Advanced ceramics and high performance superalloys are playing an important role in improving aerospace engines as aerospace manufacturers look for high-temperature materials that increase performance, improve fuel efficiency and satisfy safety standards, while at the same time lowering manufacturing costs.

Brazing and investment casting -- two ancient arts that have been adapted for use in repairing and manufacturing aerospace engines -- make use of ceramic’s extreme heat resistance, in addition to its other unique wear and corrosion resistance, light weight, and electrical and heat insulation.

New high-performance metal brazing alloys are being used for high temperature braze repairs and for sealing ceramic-to-metal pressure sensor and temperature sensor components.

Hot and Hotter – Ability to Withstand Increasing Engine Heat is Key

To achieve greater engine fuel efficiencies, engines are running at higher temperatures and must be cooled with more intricate cooling schemes, requiring the casting of complex cooling passages. Stronger metal alloys are being used in the casting process, and a core material must be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures used to pour these alloys.

Gas turbine engine efficiency is largely determined by turbine temperature, since the less cooling air used results in more air available for propulsion. Increasing temperature capability of the turbine is therefore key to improving engines. And because engines run hotter as processing temperature is increased, there is a need for demanding materials to put together the engines.

The Ancient and Modern Art of Brazing

Brazing alloys are used for metal-to-metal bonding in engine maintenance repair and overhaul, assembly of aerospace components, and repair of micro-cracks. They are also used for ceramic-to-metal assemblies requiring joining by metalizing ceramic surface and brazing of components, including pressure and temperature sensors, thermocouple housings, and fire detection feedthrus.

In a general sense, brazing is a joining process that relies on the wetting flow and solidification of a brazing filler material to form a metallurgical bond, a strong structural bond, or both between materials. The process is unique in that this metallurgical bond is formed by melting the brazing filler only; the components being joined do not melt.

Research into the development of advanced brazing materials for aerospace engine component repair has given rise to both precious and non-precious alloys. Precious alloys (for example, gold, silver, platinum, and palladium) are used mainly in original equipment manufacturers’ assemblies for vanes, nozzles, sensors, and igniters. Non-precious alloys are used in MRO and are constantly evolving as better and more heat efficient alloys are developed.

A number of new brazing alloys are available for use in aerospace engine repair and reassembly. For example, Morgan Technical Ceramics’ Wesgo Metals business (MTC-Wesgo Metals) supplies Nioro, a low erosion alloy that allows the base material to retain its properties and is a good choice for repairing fuel systems and compressors.

Another example of the superalloys available for high temperature braze repair applications are pre-sintered preforms (PSPs), a customized blend of the superalloy base and a low melting braze alloy powder in either a plate form, specific shape, paste, or paint. PSPs are used extensively for reconditioning, crack repair and dimensional restoration of such aerospace engine components as turbine blades and vanes. Thin areas and crack healing is done with paste and paints, while preforms are used for dimensional restoration. 

With turbine temperatures reaching up to 1300°C (2350°F) and the presence of hot corrosive gases, aerospace engine components experience considerable erosion and wear. The pre-sintered preforms are customized to fit the shape of the component and then tack-welded into place and brazed.  PSPs are offered in various compositions and shapes, including curved, tapered, and cylindrical, as well as paste and paint. They save time and money and extend the life of engine components by up to 300 percent, making it a more reliable and cost effective method than traditional welding, which requires post-braze machining or grinding. Brazing allows whole components to be heated in a vacuum furnace, reducing distortions and increasing consistency, resulting in a high quality repair process.

Investment Casting – Another Ancient and Modern Art

Investment casting is a key process used in the production of aerospace engine blades, and high quality ceramic cores have emerged as the material of choice for use in the investment casting process. Investment casting of new super engine alloy materials enables the development of more intricate designs that perform better in engines. Operating temperatures have increased, from about 400°C to 1100°C, and along with that change has been an evolution in materials that meet the demand for surviving higher temperatures.

Fused silica ceramic cores are used in investment airfoil casting of blades and vanes for rotating and static parts of aerospace engines. The process is used primarily with chrome bearing steel alloys. Advanced ceramics with controlled material properties allow component designers to make special cooling channels that keep engines from overheating. Ceramic cores are capable of producing thin cross sections and holding tight tolerances, which help produce accurate internal passageways. The ceramic cores are strong enough to withstand the wax injection step in the investment casting process. While the casting is poured, the ceramic core remains stable, yet is readily leached using standard foundry practices once the casting has cooled.

For example, Morgan Technical Ceramics Certech business (MTC-Certech) has developed a ceramic core with its proprietary P52 material, which exhibits greater dimensional accuracy while maintaining tight tolerances without distortion. The cores remain stable at high temperatures and do not prematurely deform, which is important, given the extremely high temperatures required for engine component production. The cores can be chemically dissolved after the casting has cooled, leaving the clean air passage replica needed in today’s efficient turbine engines.

While dimensionally strong, the P52 core material also exhibits improved crushability during solidification. This means that it remains rigid and stable through the casting process but is crushable when it needs to be during the metal solidification process. This is particularly useful for alloys that are prone to hot-tearing (those that exhibit lower core temperature in equiax castings) and/or recrystallization (castings that are involved in directionally solidified or single crystal castings).

Bright Future for Ceramics in Aerospace Engines

Driven by the aerospace industry’s demand for higher performance and lower costs, material scientists and ceramics component manufacturers will continue to develop new materials and processes that take advantage of advanced ceramic materials’ properties, particularly those that let engines run hotter and more efficiently.



歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

Bewise Inc.   www.tool-tool.com     Reference source from the internet.

BOSTON--Among green-building cognoscenti, the Passive House standard is setting a new bar for architects and designers making eco-friendly buildings.

The Passive House concept, which is well established in Europe, is now getting a foothold in the U.S. with a method that promises overall energy savings of about 70 percent overall and a 90 percent lower heating load without on-site solar power.

While the U.S. Green Building's Council's LEED certification touches on energy, water, materials, and location, Passive House, which started in Germany as Passivhaus, brings rigorous requirements focused entirely on building energy efficiency. Because of that focus on lowering building energy demand, some say it yields better performance than LEED on efficiency.

Technische Universitat in Darmstadt, Germany won the Solar Decathlon competition with a Passive House-certified building design.

(Credit: Martin LaMonica/CNET )

At a recent symposium on green buildings here, builders and designers explained how they are using Passive House techniques, such as air-tight construction and mechanical ventilation, in a variety of projects, including individual homes and multi-unit residences in the city.

A notably large one is a multi-unit apartment building in South Boston next to a converted 19th-century rum distillery, which aims to be one of the largest to get the Passive House certification in the U.S. The first phase of the project, which could break ground next spring, will have 28 residential units and a few retail locations, followed by a second phase with 65 units.

Following Passive House guidelines typically means about 10 percent higher cost for new buildings, according to the Passive House Institute US. Retrofitting an existing building to be super efficient costs more like 20 percent more than traditional techniques, said Katrin Klingenberg, an architect and the executive director of the Passive House Institute US during the symposium.

The cost difference can be lower, depending on the experience level of consultants and the type of project. With the Distillery, the building's designers focused heavily on the return on investment and project a 5 percent premium, said developer Fred Gordon from Second Street Associates during a presentation. One residential Passive House home in the U.S. came in at 6 percent over market costs, said Klingenberg.

What is it?

Although it's gaining attention, Passive House is just a blip in the overall U.S. housing industry, and there are few certified consultants. In terms of structures, there have been 13 fully certified buildings, with about 40 in the certification process, Klingenberg said. In Europe, there are some 20,000 certified buildings and market share there is growing.

The approach is beginning to appeal to more in the U.S. green-building scene, including people like Matt Capone, a project director at Nauset Construction, which worked on the preconstruction work of the Distillery project in Boston.

The LEED system works by getting a series of points for promoting sustainability in general. For example, a LEED building can get points for using recycled material or locating near public transportation. Passive House appeals to Capone because it is more quantitative and focused narrowly on energy efficiency.

"What it brings is a measurable system that goes well beyond LEED, something that truly evaluates the building performance at a higher level. There's nothing else like it," he said.

The Passive House concept calls for an air-tight, well insulated building, and a mechanical ventilation system, although a ground-source heat pump is not required. If south-facing walls are available, the building can take advantage of solar heating.

(Credit: Passipedia)

Attaining Passive House certification requires meeting certain energy-efficiency performance thresholds--15 kilowatt-hours per meter square space of living space per year, or 4,755 BTUs per square foot per year. That quantitative, spreadsheet approach doesn't appeal to all designers and has proved to be too stringent in certain areas,according to Alex Wilson, executive editor of BuildingGreen.com and building efficiency expert. But it appeals to many designers because it's an actual, quantifiable standard, Wilson found.

In a talk at the Boston symposium, Wolfgang Feist, who heads the Passivhaus Institut in Germany, said that Passive House follows a few principles, rather than require high-tech materials or fancy energy-monitoring systems. To meet the voluntary standard, buildings should have a very air-tight building "envelope," high levels of insulation, and aheat recovery ventilator that circulates in outdoor air preheated by outgoing indoor air.

"This is not a question of architecture, it's a question of detailing--that's the most crucial thing," Feist said. Mechanical ventilation in an air-tight building ensures that there is very good indoor air quality, he added.

For example, part of the Passive House concept calls for eliminating thermal bridges, or structural components that serve as conduits for heat loss. That means that instead of having a steel beam extend from the building interior to suspend an outside deck, designers need to create a "break," either with insulation or different construction techniques, to stop the heat transfer.

By lowering the energy demand, architects can equip homes with much smaller heating and cooling equipment. Homeowners, meanwhile, benefit from lower bills. The system doesn't impose an architectural style and works for different building types, including standalone homes, row houses, or larger buildings such as schools, adherents say.

Because the Distillery project is larger than an individual home, it is easier to meet the Passive House per-square-foot energy requirements, Capone said. Some products, notably very efficient windows, will likely need to be imported from Germany to meet the requirements, which adds to the cost, he said.

Existing guidelines, such as LEED and EnergyStar, to cut energy consumption in buildings, which account for about 40 percent of energy use in the U.S., will continue and can incorporate some Passive House concepts. In the meantime, the U.S. Passive House Institute, which recently gained a Passive House Alliance advocacy group, is trying to scale up beyond the leading-edge thinkers in green buildings. "Hopefully, we can work together to become a broader solution," Klingenberg said.

Martin LaMonica

Full ProfileE-mail Martin LaMonica

Martin LaMonica is a senior writer for CNET's Green Tech blog. He started at CNET News in 2002, covering IT and Web development. Before that, he was executive editor at IT publication InfoWorld.

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer. 

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。     

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz. 

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

Bewise Inc.   www.tool-tool.com     Reference source from the internet.

1.1 低合金鋼由來

中 國鋼產量已突破1億噸，鋼材數量不再是主要矛盾，鋼材品種結構不合理的矛盾十分突出。當前行業的主要任務是努力提高產品的市場競爭力，站在可持 發展的新起點上，把大力開發低合金鋼列入發展戰略的重要內容。許多普鋼企業在鋼材品種結構調整和編製科技發展規劃中，已意識到低合金鋼生產是提高產品技術 含量和附加值的關鍵，對低合金鋼開發中碰到的種種問題心中無數，一些科技管理幹部覺得「成也低合金鋼，敗也低合金鋼」，迫切要求對低合金鋼有個全面的了 解。

按國際標準，把鋼區分為非合金鋼和合金鋼兩大類，非合金鋼是通常叫做碳素鋼的一大鋼類，鋼中除了鐵和碳以外，還含有 爐料帶入的少量 合 金元素Mn、 Si、Al，雜質元素P、S及氣體N、H、O等。合金鋼則是為了獲得某種物理、化學或力學特性而有意添加了一定量的合金元素Cr、Ni、Mo、V，並對雜 質和有害元素加以控制的另一類鋼。

原則上講，合金鋼分為低合金鋼、中合金鋼和高合金鋼，顧名思義，以含有合金元素的總 量來加以區分，總 量 低於3%稱為低合金鋼，5～10%為中合金 鋼，大於10%為高合金鋼。在國內習慣上又將特殊質量的碳素鋼和合金鋼稱為特殊鋼，全國31家特鋼企業專門生產這類鋼，如優質碳素結構鋼、合金結構鋼、碳 素工具鋼、合金工具鋼、高速工具鋼、碳素彈簧鋼、合金彈簧鋼、軸承鋼、<span>不銹鋼</span>、耐熱鋼、電工鋼，還包 括高溫合金、耐蝕合金和精密合金等等。在鋼的分類上，近年雖努力向國際通用標準靠攏，但還有許多不同之處。

① 隨著特鋼向「特」、「精」、「高」發展，向深加工方向延伸，特鋼的領域越來越窄。美國特鋼協會將特鋼定位在工模具鋼、<span>不銹 鋼</span>、電工鋼、高溫合金和鎳合金。日本把結構鋼和高強度鋼歸並在特鋼範疇。隨著我國普鋼企業的技術改造和工藝進步，特鋼企業的產 品領域也在縮小，1999年普鋼廠已生產特鋼產品總量的34%。

② 國外的低合金鋼，實際上是我們所熟悉的低合金高強度鋼，屬於特殊鋼範疇，在美國叫做高強度低合金鋼（HSLA—Steel），俄羅斯及東歐各國稱為低合金 建築鋼，日本命名為高張力鋼。而在國內，首先是把低合金鋼劃入了普鋼範圍，概念上的區別導致在產品質量上的差異。在名稱上也幾經變化，如低合金建築鋼、普 通低合金鋼、低合金結構鋼，至1994年叫做低合金高強度結構鋼（GB/T1591—94）。到目前為止，從發表的資料文獻來看，低合金鋼的名稱仍然隨著 國家、企業和作者而異。

③ 低合金鋼與碳素鋼、低合金鋼與合金鋼之間，明確劃出的概念是不存在的。在國外，50年代曾給低合金鋼下過定義，總的意思是，凡是合金元素總量在3%以下， 屈服強度在275Mpa以上，具有良好的可加工性和耐腐蝕性，以型、帶、板、管等鋼材形狀，在熱軋狀態直接使用的軟鋼的替代品。當然，在技術發展進程中， 低合金鋼不論在合金含量、性能水平和交貨狀態，已經有了很大的變化。

在我國，低合金鋼是一個更加籠統的鋼類，鋼材品種 不僅含有低合金焊 接 高強度鋼，還包容了低合金沖壓鋼、低合金耐腐蝕鋼、低合金耐磨損鋼、低合金低 溫鋼、甚至還納入了低、中碳含量的低合金建築鋼和中、高碳含量的低合金鐵道軌鋼。具有中國特色，但帶來的一個問題是缺乏與國外統計數據的可比性。

1.2 早期低合金鋼的發展

低 合金鋼的出現可以追溯到19世紀的1870年，一種碳含量0.64～0.9%和鉻含量0.54～0.68%、抗拉強度685Mpa、彈性極限 410Mpa鋼，第一次被採用於工程結構，建造了跨度158.5m的拱形橋樑。但這種鋼不理想也是十分明顯的，需要軋後熱處理，難以機械加工，耐蝕性又不 良。隨後的1個多世紀的時間，世界各國不斷探索，大體上可以把低合金鋼區劃為三個不同特徵的發展階段，在20世紀20年代以前，20～60年代及60年代 以後。前兩個階段姑且合稱為傳統的低合金鋼發展階段，後一階段可以稱為現代低合金鋼發展階段（後面我們稱它為微合金鋼Microalloyed Steel）。

前一時期低合金鋼的重大發展有三個標誌：

① 由單一元素合金化向多元素合金化發展

1895 年曾採用0.40～0.56%C和3.5%Ni的鋼建造了俄國的「鷹」級驅逐艦，該鋼的加工性比初期的鉻鋼要好得多，屈服強度在 355Mpa。20世紀初還用8000多噸含鎳的鋼建造了跨度為448m的橋樑，美中不足的是這種鋼的合金資源有限，成本又高。此後開發了1.25%Si 的低合金鋼，建造了橫渡大西洋的船舶和跨度110m的橋樑，俄國利用鐵銅混生礦源，曾開發了0.7～1.1%Cu的低合金鋼用於造船、建橋，這種鋼導電性 好，抗腐蝕性優良。

長達30多年的生產和應用經驗的積累，發現多元合金化的低合金鋼綜合性能更佳，經濟上更划算，開發 了二元合金化的 Ni -Cr、Cr-Mn、Mn- V低合金鋼，和三元復合合金化的Cr-Mn-V、Cr-Mn-Si、Mn-Cu-P等低合金鋼。用途上也擴大到了鍋爐、容器、建築和鐵塔等方面。20世紀 20年代全世界的低合金鋼產量達到200萬噸。

② 賦予低合金鋼的第一特徵：低碳、可焊接

在 工程結構廣泛採用焊接技術 之後，給低合金鋼發展帶來深遠的影響。為減小焊接熱影響區硬化和開裂、焊接接頭延性惡化，把低合金鋼的碳含量由 0.6%降到0.4%，隨後又降至0.2%，至60年代末再降至0.18%，提出了焊接碳當量的可焊性判據。為了獲得高強度鋼不斷增高的強度需求，出現了 兩條發展途徑，一個是提高合金含量，另一個是熱處理手段，各有利弊，至今屈服強度高於600Mpa的鋼仍採用熱處理，E級和F級船板仍規定正火狀態使用， 再如鐵路鋼軌仍有合金化軌和全長淬火軌的兩種生產方式。

③ 注意到鋼的冷脆傾向性和時效敏感性

二 次世界大戰期間大量 「自由」輪在運行中斷裂及許多鍋爐、容器的失效，注意到了鋼冷脆傾向與鋼的粗晶結構和有害元素P、S的含量有關，而鋼的時效 傾向是由鋼中N所致，從而採取了降硫、鋁細晶化和控制終軋溫度等優化工藝。為了鋼結構的安全使用和壽命，同時還開發了低溫夏氏V型缺口衝擊、溫度梯度雙重 拉伸、零塑性轉折落錘及BDWTT落錘撕裂等試驗方法及制訂了相應的斷裂韌性判據。

20～60年代間，工業發達國家的低合金鋼開發帶來了經濟的繁榮和現代化。據不完全統計，全世界成熟的低合金鋼鋼種牌號有2000餘個，形成了5大合金成分系列：

(1) 以德國St52鋼為代表的C-Mn鋼系列，日本的SM400、我國的16Mn屬於這類鋼。

(2) 以美國Vanity鋼為代表的Mn-V-（Ti）鋼系列，構成了現代微合金化的先驅。

(3) 美國的含P-Cu鋼系列，代表鋼種有Corten和Mariner鋼，具有良好的耐大氣和海水腐蝕性。

(4) Ni-Cr-Mo-V鋼系列，如美國開發的淬火回火狀態T-1鋼板成功用於壓力容器的建造。

1.3 我國低合金鋼的發展

50 年代原冶金工業部鋼鐵研究院劉嘉禾為首的一批冶金學專家率先研製成功了16Mn鋼和15MnTi鋼，開創了中國低合金鋼領域，在此基礎上制定 了命名為低合金高強度鋼的第一個標準(YB13—58)，列入12個鋼種牌號。1963年易名為低合金結構鋼(YB13—63)，納入的鋼種牌號除Mn系 列外，包括了結合我國富產資源所開發的V、Ti、Nb及稀土的低合金鋼，並由此派生出了橋樑、造船、容器、汽車大梁、礦用等專用鋼標準。其後修改的 YB13—69，改為普通低合金鋼（簡稱普低鋼），強調「普通」的意思在說明生產低合金鋼就像生產普通碳素鋼一樣，不需要特別的生產手段，簡便容易，即可 取得1噸頂1.3～1.5噸的經濟效益，此後長達20年難以消除它的負面影響，至今全國行業鋼材品種結構調整時，還往往注意到低合金鋼高附加值的一面，而 忽視了低合金鋼的高技術含量一面。1988年升級為國標時（GB—1591—88），回歸到了低合金結構鋼的名稱，1994年頒布的現行標準更名為低合金 高強度結構鋼，（GB／T1591—94），包括了屈服強度295—460Mpa 5個強度等級和A～E 5個質量等級，新標準的積極意義在於努力向國際規範靠攏。由於我國低合金鋼基礎研究日趨深入和生產規模日益擴大，在北京已連續召開了4屆（1985、 1990、1995及2000年）國際低合金高強度鋼會議，無疑這是對中國低合金鋼領域科技進步的肯定。

我國低合金鋼發展歷程可以劃分為4個階段：

1957～1969年

是低合金鋼開發的初創階段，第一個低合金鋼16Mn鋼與普碳鋼相比，具有高強度、高韌性、抗衝擊、耐腐蝕等特性，它的開發適應了各行業產品大型化、輕型化的趨勢，採用16Mn鋼所建造的的「東風」萬噸輪，顯示了節省鋼材、節約能源和延長產品壽命的優越性。

1966年召開了全國規模的第一次低合金鋼推廣應用會議，在計劃經濟條件下宏觀指導低合金鋼的發展。當年低合金鋼產量為141萬噸，據不完全統計，研製鋼號達345個，其中有54個鋼號納入了11個有關標準中。

1970～1974年

全力進行了鋼種整頓工作，及時總結了開發中有益的經驗，收集了大量的試驗研究數據，合併和淘汰了一批無法組織批量生產或性能達不到預定指標的鋼號，化費四年時間的鋼種整頓工作是十分有益的，減少了開發盲目性和無序狀態，完善了富有中國特色的低合金鋼體系。

1975～1983年

我國低合金鋼開發生產和應用等各方面存在的問題很多，積重難返，顯示出了與客觀需求的不適應，合金資源優勢未能轉化為產品優勢，產品質量明顯低於國外同類同級產品的實物水平，16Mn、20MnSi、U71Mn 3個鋼號占低合金鋼總產量90%以上。

1984～2000年

這是一個中國低合金鋼的轉型期，從「六五」至「九五」期間，基本上實現了4個轉變。

(1) 按國外先進標準生產低合金鋼

(2) 引進國外發展成熟的低合金鋼鋼號

(3) 按國外低合金鋼基礎研究成果，改造我國原有的傳統觀念設計的低合金鋼鋼號

(4) 跟上新型低合金高強度鋼(微合金鋼)的發展趨勢。

我國低合金鋼發展面貌有了極大的變化，大大縮小了與國外低合鋼先進水平的差距。

1.4 現代低合金鋼的重大進展

自20 世紀70年代以來，世界範圍內低合金高強度鋼的發展進入了一個全新時期，以控制軋制技術和微合金化的冶金學為基礎，形成了現代低合金高強度 鋼即微合金化鋼的新概念。進入80年代，一個涉及廣泛工業領域和專用材料門類的品種開發，借助於冶金工藝技術方面的成就達到了頂峰。在鋼的化學成分—工藝 —組織—性能的四位一體的關係中，第一次突出了鋼的組織和微觀精細結構的主導地位，也表明低合金鋼的基礎研究已趨於成熟，以前所未有的新的概念進行合金設 計。

低合金鋼的現代進展有哪些呢？主要表現有：

(1) 微合金化鋼基礎研究的新成就。

首 先，對微合金 化元素，尤其是Nb、V、Ti、及Al的溶解一析出行為的研究取得顯著的成果，這些元素的碳化物和氮化物的形成及其數量、尺寸、分 布取決於冷卻過程的形變溫度和形變量，而加熱過程中碳、氮化物的存在及其特性表現在回火的二次硬化、正火的晶粒重結晶細化、焊接熱循環作用下晶粒尺寸的控 制3個主要方面。

其二、重視含Nb微合金化鋼、Nb-V和Nb-Ti復合微合金鋼的開發，據統計幾乎佔有近20年來新 開發微合金化鋼全 部 牌號的75%和微合金化鋼 總產量的60%。近幾年注意到了微量Ti（0.015%）十分有益的作用，Ti的微處理不僅改變鋼中硫化物的形態，而且TiO2或Ti2O3成為奧氏體 晶內鐵素體晶粒生核的質點，Nb-Ti復合微合金化構成超深沖汽車板IF鋼的冶金基礎，還顯著改善了Nb鋼連鑄的裂紋敏感性。

其 三，對 低 碳鋼強化的Hall-Petch關係式進行了系統總結，對加速冷卻原理作了更深入的研究。人們十分有興趣採用分階段加速冷卻工藝的應 用，前期加速冷卻用於抑制鐵素體轉變，後期加速冷卻目的在於控制中、低溫產物的晶粒尺寸和精細結構的組成，從而達到在較寬範圍內調整鋼的強度和強度／韌性 匹配。

350MPa級高強度鋼：微合金化+熱機械處理，機制為晶粒細化+析出強度。

500MPa級高強度鋼：鐵素鐵+貝氏體、馬氏體，強化機制為晶粒細化、並晶界強化和位錯強化。

700MPa級高強度鋼：淬火回火組織，機制為相變強化+析出強化。

(2) 工藝技術的進步

頂底復吹轉爐冶煉，鋼的碳含量可控制在0.02～0.03%，精煉的應用可生產出碳含量在0.002～0.003%，雜質含量達到＜0.001%S、＜0.003%P、＜0.003%N，2～3ppm〔0〕和＜1ppm〔H〕的潔淨鋼。

連鑄的成功經驗是低的過熱度、緩流澆注和適宜的二次冷卻，採用低頻率、高質量的電磁攪拌，可以得到均勻的等軸的凝固區。

在再結晶控軋的基礎上，應變誘導相變和析出的非再結晶控軋，以及（g+a）兩相區形變，已成為目前控軋厚鋼板生產主要方向。薄板坯連鑄連軋流程和薄帶連鑄工藝的實用化，使低合金鋼生產進入了又一個新境界。

(3) 低合金鋼合金設計新觀點

首先是鋼的低碳化和超低碳趨勢，例如60年代X60級管線鋼碳含量為0.19%，70年代為0.10%，80年即使 X70和X80級管線鋼碳含量降至0.03%以下。

根據微合金化元素在鋼中的基本作用和次生作用，提出了「奧氏體調節」的概念，有意識地控制加入微合金化元素，使鋼適於一定的熱機械處理工藝，以發展新的性能更好的鋼種。

傳統控制軋制的合金設計：微合金化的重要目的是提高再結晶停止溫度，利用非再結晶區的形變誘導相變和析出，Nb是最理想的微合金化元素。

再 結晶控制軋制的合金設計：它的目的是盡量降低再結晶停止溫度，並形成阻礙晶粒粗化的系統。其中一種辦法是以TiN為晶粒粗化阻止劑，以V （CN）作為鐵素體強化。另一種方案是Nb-Mo的微合金化，具有較寬闊的可以加工的窗口。這種工藝特別適合於不能進行低溫軋制的低功率的老舊軋機生產。

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

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