公告版位
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Daten
Herkunftsland UdSSR
Typ Angriffs-/Jagd-U-Boot
Erste Einheit fertiggestellt 1972
Bauwerften Sudomech Leningrad (4 Boote inkl. Prototyp)

Sewerodwinsk (3 Boote)

Technische Daten
Länge 79,5–81,4 m
Breite 9,5 m
Höhe 10 m
Tiefgang 6,9–7,6 m
Verdrängung (aufgetaucht) 2310–2900 t
Verdrängung (getaucht) 3800–4320 t
Geschwindigkeit

(über Wasser)

14 kn
Geschwindigkeit

(unter Wasser)

43–45 kn
Max. Tauchtiefe 760 m
Besatzung 40–45 Mann
Antrieb 1 Kernreaktor mit Flüssigmetallkühlung,
2 Dampfturbinen, insgesamt 34.570 kW (47.000 PS)
Sensoren 2 Radar, 2 Sonar aktiv/passiv und aktiv
Bewaffnung 6 Torpedorohre 533 mm
Lenkwaffen:
SS-N-15 Starfish

Die sowjetischen U-Boote Projekt 705 Lira, NATO-Bezeichnung SSN Alfa-Klasse (SS steht für U-Boot, N für nukleargetrieben), wurden entwickelt als Angriffs- und Abfangeinheit, sollten westlichen Abwehrmaßnahmen durch eine gesteigerte Tauchtiefe und Geschwindigkeit entgehen, indem sie sie untertauchten.

Entwurf [Bearbeiten]

Das U-Boot ist ein Einhüllenboot, dessen Druckkörper aus einer Titanlegierung besteht, was der Einheit wegen der immensen Anschaffungskosten den Spitznamen „Goldfisch“ einbrachte und dem U-Boot die bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit gibt, geschätzte Tauchtiefen bis zu 760 m zu erreichen. Die Titanlegierung ist leicht, druckfest und hat eine geringe magnetische Signatur. Titan hat jedoch den gravierenden Nachteil, weniger elastisch als Stahl zu sein. Dadurch tauchte das U-Boot nur selten tiefer als 600 m. In Verbindung mit dem leistungsstarken Antrieb ermöglicht er den U-Booten der Alfa-Klasse, eine maximale Geschwindigkeit von 45 kn zu erreichen, was diese U-Boote zu den schnellsten U-Booten der Welt macht (über 80 km/h). Allerdings kann das Boot bei dieser Geschwindigkeit seine Sensoren nur stark eingeschränkt nutzen, da die Antriebsanlage Sonargeräusche überlagert. Somit waren Alfa-Kommandanten ständig gezwungen, nach kurzen Sprints unter Volllast die Maschinen auf Leerlauf zu schalten, um die Sensorik voll nutzen zu können (Sprint and drift-Taktik). Die geringe magnetische Signatur macht es feindlichen Einheiten schwer, das U-Boot zu orten, und verringert ebenso die Anfälligkeit gegen Torpedos und Seeminen mit Magnetzünder. Erstgenannter Vorteil wird jedoch durch den relativ lauten Antrieb weitestgehend aufgehoben. Der strategische Auftrag dieser U-Boote bestand darin, schnell vorzustoßen, seine Waffen abzufeuern und sich anschließend abzusetzen. Besonders die US-Flugzeugträgerkonvois galten als mögliche Ziele.

Angetrieben werden die U-Boote durch einen flüssigmetallgekühlten (Blei-Wismut-Legierung) Atomreaktor 155 MWt mit einem turbo-elektrischen Antrieb auf einer Welle. Außerdem stehen ein Dampf-Turbo-Wechselstromgenerator und ein Hilfsdieselgenerator zur Verfügung. Die U-Boote werden von einer fünfblättrigen Schraube mit einer maximalen Leistung von 47.000 PS (34.474 kW) angetrieben.

Die Schiffe besitzen sechs Torpedorohre mit 533 mm Durchmesser, die neben konventionellen Torpedos auch für Seezielflugkörper („Raketentorpedos“) des Typs RPK-2 Wijoga (SS-N-15 Starfish) geeignet sind, und können entweder 20 Torpedos oder 40 Minen tragen.

Geschichte [Bearbeiten]

Die Alfa-Klasse wurde 1957 in Auftrag gegeben. Das Konzept forderte einen leichten und schnellen „U-Abfangjäger“ von 1.500 BRT, der weitestgehend automatisiert und mit nur wenigen Besatzungsmitgliedern an Bord operieren sollte.

Die Entwicklung begann 1958 im Sonderkonstruktionsbüro 143 in Leningrad unter A. B. Petrow. Das enorm kleine ursprüngliche Konzept wurde mehrfach geändert und schließlich von 1.500 auf 2.300 BRT aufgestockt. Ebenso war der Reaktor nicht wie ursprünglich geplant druckwassergekühlt, sondern wies eine effektivere, aber schwieriger zu handhabende Flüssigmetallkühlung auf.

Der erste Prototyp wurde 1968 in Leningrad aufgelegt und 1971 vom Stapel gelassen. In Leningrad und in Sewerodwinsk wurden jeweils drei weitere Boote hergestellt und von 1974 bis 1983 in den Dienst der Nordflotte gestellt. Herstellung und Wartung waren jedoch extrem kostenintensiv.

Drei Boote der Alfa-Klasse, die K-377, die K-123 und die K-463, erlitten während ihrer Dienstzeit Reaktorunfälle. Bei allen drei Booten war die Betriebstemperatur des Reaktors so weit abgesunken, dass die Metallkühlung erstarrte und den Reaktor funktionsuntüchtig machte. Die K-377, der Prototyp, war irreparabel beschädigt und wurde noch 1974 außer Dienst gestellt. K-123 und K-463 dagegen wurden mit einem neuen Reaktor versehen und befanden sich bis 1995 im Dienst.

Zwei Boote der Alfa-Klasse, die oben erwähnte K-463 und die K-493, wurden während ihrer Dienstzeit im Rahmen des Projekts 671B mit Druckwasserreaktoren der Victor-Klasse versehen.

Nachdem die Alfa-Klasse im Ruf stand zu hohe Kosten zu verursachen, wurden schrittweise von 1986 bis 1997 alle sechs verbliebenen Boote außer Dienst gestellt.

Kritik [Bearbeiten]

Nach Expertenmeinung war die Alfa-Klasse ein Boot mit guten Fahrleistungen, aber ansonsten eher negativen Eigenschaften. Es war zwar extrem schnell und konnte sehr tief tauchen, doch verursachte es unter Volllast einen enormen Lärm. Außerdem erwies sich seine aufwendige Reaktortechnik als sehr anfällig und wartungsintensiv. Die zur Kühlung der Reaktoren eingesetzte Metalllegierung verfestigte sich bereits bei Temperaturen unter 125 °C, so dass es in Häfen und bei Wartungsmaßnahmen durch externe Vorrichtungen mit überhitztem Dampf flüssig gehalten werden musste. Ein „Einfrieren“ des Kühlmittels hätte den Reaktor unweigerlich zerstört, was bei zweien der Boote auch der Fall war. Die verwendeten Dampfgeneratoren litten jedoch vor allem in den späteren Jahren noch stärker unter mangelnder Wartung als die Flotte selbst, und so war man schließlich gezwungen, die Reaktoren der Alfa-Klasse auch im Hafen in Betrieb zu halten. Ernsthafte Instandhaltung der aufwändigen Technik war damit praktisch unmöglich. Schlussendlich entsprach auch die Bewaffnung zwar dem üblichen Stand, konnte aber nicht bei Geschwindigkeiten über 25 kn abgefeuert werden, weshalb sich für die Alfa-Klasse im Gefechtsfall eine merkwürdige Taktik aus Beschleunigen, Abbremsen und Feuern ergeben hätte.

Es gibt auch Meldungen von maximalen Tauchtiefen der Alfa-Klasse, die besagen, dass das U-Boot zwischen 800–900 Meter tief tauchen kann. Spekulationen, die sich auf einen russischen Admiral in Rente berufen, sprechen sogar von einem gelungenen Tauchversuch, der das Boot auf eine spektakuläre Tiefe von 1000 m brachte. Dies wird aber stark bezweifelt. Ähnlich verhält es sich bei den Akula-Klassen II. Die Boote sollen auch bis fast 800 Meter tief tauchen können.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Alfa class submarine

Lira submarine (Project 705)
Career Soviet naval pennant
Laid down: 1974
Launched: 1977
Commissioned: 1977
General Characteristics
Displacement: 2300 tons surfaced, 3200 tonnes submerged
Length: 81.4 metres
Beam: 9.5 metres
Draught: 7.6 metres
Propulsion: OK-155 or BM-40A, 155-MWt Lead cooled fast reactor
40000 shp steam turbine, one shaft
Speed: 18-24 knots surfaced, 43-45 knots submerged
Depth: 800 m test, has been dived to 1300 m, so crush depth is in excess of this.
Complement: 27 officers, 4 petty officers
Armament: Six 533-mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes:
18 SET-65 or 53-65K torpedoes
20 VA-111 Shkval torpedoes
21 SS-N-15 cruise missiles
12 SS-N-16 cruise missiles
24 mines

The Soviet Union/Russian Navy Project 705 (Лира/Lyra) was a submarine class of hunter/killer nuclear powered vessels (abbreviated PLA = Podvodnaya lodka atomnaya, i.e. nuclear /hunter killer/ submarine). The class is also known by the NATO reporting name of Alfa. They were the fastest and one of the deepest diving military submarines built, with only the K-278 Komsomolets competing in crush depth.

[edit] Preproduction

The initial design work began in 1957 and was highly innovative, necessarily so to meet the demanding requirements - sufficient speed to successfully pursue any ship; the ability to avoid anti-submarine weapons and to ensure success in underwater combat; low detectability, in particular to airborne MAD arrays, and also especially to active sonars; minimal displacement and minimal crew complement. A special titanium alloy hull would be used to create a small, low drag, 1,500 ton, three compartment vessel capable of very high speeds (in excess of 40 knots) and deep diving. The submarine would operate as an interceptor, staying in harbour or on patrol route and then racing out to reach an approaching fleet. A high-power liquid-metal-cooled nuclear plant was devised meaning extensive automation would also greatly reduce the needed crew numbers to just 16 highly trained men. The practical problems with the design quickly became apparent and in 1963 the design team was replaced and a less radical design was proposed, increasing all main dimensions and the vessel weight by 800 tons and doubling the crew.

A prototype, Project 661 or K-162 (since 1978 K-222) (referred to by NATO as the Papa class), was built at the Sudomekh yards in Leningrad and completed in 1972. The long build-time was caused by numerous design flaws and difficulties in manufacture. Extensively tested and reconfigured, it was taken out of service following a reactor accident in 1980. It reportedly had a top speed of 44.7 knots and a claimed dive depth of 800 m. This combined with other reports created some alarm in the U.S. Navy and prompted the rapid development of the ADCAP torpedo program and the Sea Lance and W-class submarine projects (the latter two were cancelled when more definitive information about the Soviet project was known). The creation of the high-speed Spearfish torpedo by the Royal Navy was also a response to the threat posed by the reported capabilities of the Alfa.

[edit] Production

Production started in 1974 as Project 705 with construction at both the Admiralty yard, Leningrad and at Sevmashpredpriyatiye (Northern Machinery Factory), Severodvinsk. The first vessel was commissioned in 1977.

Project 705 boats were intended to be an experimental platform themselves, to test all innovations and rectify their faults, that would afterwards found a new generation of submarines. This highly experimental nature mostly predetermined their future.

In 1983, with the completion of the seventh vessel, production ended. All vessels were assigned to the Northern Fleet.

[edit] Propulsion

The power plant for the boat was a lead cooled fast reactor. Such reactors have a number of advantages over older types:

  • Due to higher coolant temperature, their energy efficiency is up to 1.5 times higher.
  • Lifetime without refuelling can be increased more easily, in part due to higher efficiency.
  • Liquid metal can't cause an explosion and quickly solidifies in case of a leakage, greatly improving safety.
  • LCFRs are much lighter and smaller than water-cooled reactors, which was the primary factor when considering power plant choice for Lira.

Even though 1960s technology was barely sufficient to produce reliable LCFRs, which are even today considered challenging, their advantages were considered compelling. Two power plants were developed independently, BM-40A by Hydropress in Leningrad and OK-550 by the OKBM design bureau in Nizhny Novgorod, both using an eutectic lead-bismuth solution for the primary cooling stage, and both producing 155 megawatts of power.

Burst speed in tests was between 43 and 45 knots for all vessels, and speeds of 41-42 knots could be sustained. Acceleration to the top speed took one minute and reversing 180 degrees at full speed 40 seconds. This degree of maneuverability exceeds all other submarines and most torpedoes that were in service at the time. Indeed, during training the boats proved to successfully evade torpedoes launched by other submarines, which required introduction of faster torpedoes such as the American ADCAP or British Spearfish. However, the price for this was a very high noise level at burst speed, as for any body moving through water at high speed. The tactical speed, where the noise would be similar to other submarines, is about 20-25 knots.

Propulsion was provided by the main screw with 30 MW steam turbines, and two 100 kW electric-powered screws served as an additional propulsion for maneuvering and a backup. Backup power systems included a 500 kW diesel generator and a set of zinc-silver batteries.

The OK-550 plant was used on Project 705, but later, on 705K, the BM-40A plant was installed due to the low reliability of the OK-550. While more reliable, BM-40A still turned out to be much more demanding in maintenance than older pressurized water reactors. The issue is that the lead/bismuth eutectic solution solidifies at 125 degrees C. If it ever hardened it would be impossible to restart the reactor, since the fuel assemblies would be frozen in the solidified coolant, so whenever the reactor is shut down it must be heated externally with superheated steam. Near the piers where the submarines were moored, a special facility was constructed to deliver superheated steam to the vessels' reactors when the reactors were shut down. A smaller ship was also stationed at the pier to deliver steam from its steam plant to the Alfa submarines.

Coastal facilities were treated with much less attention than the submarines and often turned out unable to heat the submarines reactors. Consequently the plants had to be kept running even while the subs were in harbour. The facilities completely broke down early in the 1980s and since then the reactors of all operational Alfa submarines were kept constantly running. While the BM-40A reactors are able to work for many years without stopping, they were not specifically designed for such treatment and any serious reactor maintenance became impossible. This led to a number of failures, including coolant leaks and one reactor broken down and frozen while at sea. However, constantly running the reactors proved better than relying on the coastal facilities. Four vessels were decommissioned due to freezing of the coolant.

Both the OK-550 and the BM-40A designs were single-use reactors and could not be refuelled as the coolant would inevitably freeze in the process. This was compensated for by a much longer lifetime on their only load (up to 15 years), after which the reactors would be completely replaced. While such a solution could potentially decrease service times and increase reliability, it is still more expensive, and the idea of single-use reactors was unpopular in the 1970s. Furthermore, Project 705 does not have a modular design that would allow quick replacement of reactors, so such maintenance would take at least as long as refuelling a normal submarine.

[edit] Hull

Like all Soviet nuclear submarines, Project 705 used a double hull, where the internal hull withstands the pressure and the outer one protects it and provides an optimal hydrodynamic shape. However, unlike almost all other submarines, the hulls of the Lira had variable diameters. The shape is optimized for minimal active sonar signature and minimal water resistance and, although it complicated the design, it was essential for providing required maneuverability.

Apart from the prototypes, Project 705 and 705K submarines were built with titanium alloy hulls, which was revolutionary in terms of submarine design at the time due to the cost of titanium and the technologies and equipment needed to work with it. The difficulties in the engineering became apparent in the first submarine that was quickly decommissioned after cracks developed in the hull. Later metallurgy and welding technology were improved and no hull problems were experienced on subsequent vessels.

The internal pressure hull was separated into six watertight compartments, of which only the third (center) compartment was manned and others were accessible only for maintenance. The third compartment had reinforced spherical bulkheads that could withstand the pressure at the test depth and offered additional protection to the crew in case of attack. To further enhance survivability, the ship was equipped with an ejectable rescue capsule.

The hull was designed for extreme depths, below the deep sound layer (at 1 km), but complete redesign of the plumbing and other inter-hull systems was delayed. According to some information,[1] one of the submarines was tested on depths up to 1300 meters but submerging to such depths and returning caused permanent damage to equipment, which in a few cycles would make the vessel very unreliable. This test may have been conducted just prior to decommissioning.

[edit] Control system

A suite of new systems was developed for these submarines, including:

  • Accord combat information and control system, which received and processed hydroacoustic, television, radar and navigation data from other systems, determining other ships, submarines and torpedoes location and speed and predicted trajectory. Information was displayed on control terminals, along with recommendations for operating a single submarine, both for attack and torpedo evasion, or commanding a group of submarines.
  • Sargan weapon control system controlling attack, torpedo homing and use of countermeasures, both by human command and automatically if required
  • Ocean automated hydroacoustic system that provided target data to other systems and eliminated the need for crew members working with detection equipment
  • Sogh navigation system and Boxite course control system, which integrated course, depth, trim and speed control, for manual, automated and programmed maneuvering
  • Rhythm system controlling operation of all machinery aboard, eliminating the need for any personnel servicing reactor and other machinery, which was the main factor in reducing crew complement
  • Alfa radiation control system
  • TV-1 television system for outside observation

All the systems of the submarine were fully automated and all operations requiring human decision were performed from the control room. While such automation is common on aircraft, other military ships and submarines have multiple, separate teams performing these tasks. Crew interference was required only for course changes or combat and no maintenance was performed at sea. Due to these systems, the combat shift of Lira submarines consisted only of 8 officers stationed in the control room. While nuclear submarines typically have 120 to 160 crew members, the initially proposed crew number was 14 - all officers except the cook. Later it was considered more practical to have additional crew aboard that could be trained to operate the new generation of submarines and the number was increased to 27 officers and 4 under-officers. Also, given that most of the electronics were newly developed and failures were expected, additional crew was stationed to monitor their performance. Some reliability problems have been connected with electronics, and it is possible that some accidents could have been foreseen with more mature and better developed monitoring systems. Overall performance was considered good for an experimental system.

The main reason behind the small crew complement and high automation was not just to allow a reduction in the size of the submarine, but rather to provide an advantage in reaction speed by replacing long chains of command with instant electronics, speeding up any action.

[edit] Application

Alfa class submarine at sea.

Alfa class submarine at sea.

The Alfa class submarines were designed for anti-surface warfare and their primary mode of operation was slowly waiting for enemy ships or information on enemy location and, once detected, rushing at full speed towards the target. American analysts have claimed that while Lira's size, speed and electronics provided enough advantages in combat to defeat a group of enemy ships or a few submarines, their detection equipment suffered because of their small size and they mostly had to rely on directions from coastal facilities to find their targets. This made Lira submarines a strong defensive weapon, but not a capable hunter-killer on their own, as they could be detected more easily than they could detect. If they were operated in conjunction with surface ships or submarines specialising in detection, however, this limitation would not apply.

Despite the vessels' constant reliability problems, no crew members have ever been lost on these submarines. This is due to extensive crew protection measures and automation that isolates the crew from most of the machinery. Alfa submarines had an operational endurance of one month.[2]

[edit] Influence

Alfas, as with almost all other nuclear submarines, were never actually used in combat and didn't perform any important tasks except power demonstration. However, the Soviet government still made good use of them, by exaggerating the planned number of vessels, which were assumed to allow naval superiority to be gained by shadowing major ship groups and destroying them in case of war. The US replied by starting the Seawolf program to create similar submarines and ADCAP program to create torpedoes maneuverable enough to successfully pursue Alfa class submarines.

SSN-21 Seawolf, created 12 years later, did not replicate Lira but rather was built around the concept of anti-submarine warfare to respond to the dual threats of the Soviet ballistic missile submarine fleet and the Alfas. It has a burst speed of 35 knots, three times higher displacement, much less maneuverability and does not have the Alfa's characteristic automation.[citation needed] The Seawolf class was not designed as a 'dogfighter' in the manner of the Alfa, but, with its focus on lower noise level and extensive surveillance equipment, to detect and prosecute at much longer distances. The Seawolf could detect attacking submarines at a long range, particularly due to the high noise levels produced by Alfas at full speed, both allowing the fleet to avoid an attack and for fleet anti-submarine forces to be concentrated against the attacking submarines. However, Seawolf class submarines cost over 2 billion dollars each and were a very costly response to an initiative that proceeded not much further than experiments. With the end of the Cold War and the ending of the threat of the Soviet ballistic missile fleet and Alfa submarines their construction was halted, and later restarted. There are currently three Seawolf class boats in operation.

The Lira submarines were intended to be only the first experiments for a new generation of submarines and before their decommissioning there was already a family of derivative designs, including Project 705D, armed with long-range 650 mm torpedoes, and the Project 705A ballistic missile variant that would be able to defend itself successfully against attack submarines, therefore not needing patrolled bastions. Due to the end of the Cold War none of them was actually implemented.

The technologies and solutions developed, tested and perfected on Lira formed the ground for future designs. The suite of submarine control systems was later used in Schuka (NATO designation Akula), or Project 971 attack submarines that have a crew of 50, which is more than Lira but still less than half as many as other attack submarines. Schuka submarines in their design represent a hybrid of Lira and Seawolf, using a large passive sonar array, towed sonar array and further reduced noise level.

Project 885 Yasen, or Severodvinsk class multipurpose submarines, launched in late 2006 and to be commissioned in 2007, finally implement ideas of 705A and 705D, combining ability to launch a variety of long-range nuclear missiles and engage hostile submarines or ships at long range. The missiles carried include 3K-10 Granat with 2500-3000 km range, and new Kh-101 and Kh-102 with range up to 5000 km.[3][4][5] Their displacement is reduced compared to Schuka, dive depth and maneuverability are significally improved, due to more modern reactor and smaller displacement.[6][7] Noise reduction is allegedly improved, with additional use of acoustical decoupling between internal and external hulls. Automation matches Lira's level, with no manual work required, and everything controlled automatically or manually from the control room, but up to 25 seamen and petty officers are to be stationed for monitoring and servicing purposes, to avoid possible problems and reduce workload on officers.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Classe Alfa
Projet 705
Lyra (Лира)
Histoire
A servi dans : Marine soviétique Pavillon
Quille posée : 1965 (K-377)
Lancement : 1965 (K-377)
Armé : 1972 (K-377)
Statut : Le dernier fut retiré du service en 1997
Caractéristiques techniques
Type : Sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque
Longueur : 81 mètres
Maître-bau : 9,5 m
Tirant d'eau : 7,6 m
Déplacement : 2310-2900 t en surface, 3800-4320 t en plongée
Propulsion : 1 réacteur nucléaire OK-550 ou BM-40A refroidi au plomb liquide

2 turbines à vapeur

1 hélice à 5 pales

Puissance : 155 MW (réacteur)
Vitesse : 43 ou 45 nœuds en plongée

24 nœuds en surface

Profondeur : 600 mètres (sécurité), 800 mètres (testée), en urgence 1 300 m
Caractéristiques militaires
Armement : 6 x tubes lance-torpilles de 533 mm

avec 18 torpilles ou 20 VA-111 Shkval

missiles : 21 SS-N-15 ou 12 SS-N-16

Rayon d'action : 1175 h à pleine puissance, 30 à 50 jours de vivres
Autres caractéristiques
Électronique : radar Snoop Tray (recherche surface), Okean (sonar actif/passif)
Équipage : 27 officiers de marine et 4 officiers mariniers
Chantier : Chantier de l'amirauté, Léningrad

Le projet 705 ou Lyra (Лира) est une classe de sous-marins nucléaire d'attaque soviétique, connue en Occident sous son code OTAN d'Alfa. Ils ont été les sous-marins les plus rapides au monde, et ceux à usage militaire pouvant atteindre les plus grandes profondeurs de plongée, seul le K-278 Komsomolets étant capable d'égaler leurs performances en plongée maximale. Malgré leurs remarquables caractéristiques, ces sous-marins se révélèrent difficiles à maintenir durant leur vie opérationnelle, et finalement leur utilité tactique fut vite contestée, même au niveau des instances soviétiques, ce qui limita leur rôle à un emploi presque expérimental, qui prit fin au début des années 1990. De nos jours, il n'existe plus qu'un seul exemplaire, non opérationnel, de ces navires, le K-373, stocké à Zapadnaya Litsa, tous les autres ayant été démolis.

Historique [modifier]

Les Alfa sont nés en 1957 d'un besoin : disposer d'un sous-marin capable d'attaquer l'ensemble naval le plus puissant à ce jour, un porte-avions et son escorte. Il fallait pour cela un sous-marin extrêmement rapide, capable de rattraper un groupe aéronaval, filant à plus de 30 nœuds, mais aussi d'éviter les armes utilisées contre les sous-marins à cette époque, une vitesse supérieure à 40 nœuds s'avèrait nécessaire. A. B. Petrov, ingénieur en chef du bureau d'étude Malakhit proposa alors un concept innovant, pour atteindre ces performances. Pour diminuer la "surface humide" du submersible, c’est-à-dire, la surface totale de l'objet en contact avec l'eau, il chercha à réduire au maximum, le volume de la coque du sous-marin, tout en soignant la ligne, pour obtenir la meilleure pénétration dans l'eau possible. L'utilisation, pour la première fois, d'une coque interne, en alliage de titane, permettant à la fois, de rendre celle-ci compacte et légère. La propulsion serait assurée, par un des tous nouveaux réacteurs refroidis au plomb, dont deux modèles étaient en développement, l'OK-550 par OKBM à Nijni-Novgorod et le BM-40A par Hydropress, à Léningrad, capables de fournir tous les deux, 155 megawatts de puissance, tout en restant très compacts. Le navire fut, par ailleurs, conçut comme "intercepteur", incapable d'effectuer de longues croisières, il était censé rester au port, ou en patrouille le long des côtes, et lorsqu'une flotte ennemie était détectée, il se dirigeait alors vers elle à sa vitesse maximum. Ce type d'utilisation, combiné avec un important travail sur l'automatisation, permit de réduire l'équipage de façon drastique à juste seize hommes, tous officiers sauf le cuisinier, ce qui permettait outre la réduction du volume intérieur de la coque, une très grande réactivité, tout étant dirigé depuis le centre de commande.

Le projet, trop ambitieux pour son époque, rencontrait néanmoins, de nombreux problèmes pratiques et technique, en 1963, il n'avait toujours rien donné de concret, Petrov fut limogé et déporté en Sibérie, d'où il ne revint que dans le milieu des années 1970. Il fut remplacé par M.G Rusanov, qui repris le travail sur des bases plus conventionnelles. La coque fut allongée et la masse totale augmenta de 800 tonnes. Le nombre de compartiments internes passa de trois à six, et l'équipage fut presque doublé, passant à trente hommes. La technologie des coques en alliage de titane, put être expérimentée sur le K-162, dont on commença la construction, le 28 décembre 1963, et qui fut mis en service le 31 décembre 1969. En 1965, la construction du prototype du projet 705, le K-377, commença au chantier de l'amirauté à Léningrad. Lancé en 1967, il fut mis en service en 1972 et commença ses essais, atteignant la vitesse, jamais égalée depuis, de 44,7 nœuds. Mais, au cours des essais un accident survint, détruisant son réacteur, le métal de refroidissement se solidifiant, rendant impossible le retrait du combustible, le bâtiment fut alors décommisionné en 1974, et son compartiment moteur fut stocké. Entretemps, les priorités stratégtiques de la marine soviétique avaient changées, la menace des sous-marins lanceurs de missiles stratégiques étant devenu la principale menace à contrer, de plus l'emploi de missiles anti-navires sur les sous-marins permettaient à ceux-ci d'attaquer les groupes aéronavals américains à plus grande distance, et donc de façon plus sûre. Le projet 705 fut vivement critiqué en 1973 par le secrétaire du comité central pour la défense, l'amiral Ustinov, mais une production en série fut néanmoins maintenue. Un total de six exemplaires de série du projet 705 fut construit, entre 1974 et 1983, et mis en service au sein de la flotte du nord.

La vie opérationnelle des unités de la classe ne fut pas sans poser de nombreux problèmes, en particulier du fait de leurs réacteurs. En effet, si ceux-ci présentaient de nombreux avantages comme une forte puissance par rapport à leur masse et leur volume, la rapidité des variations de puissance et l'absence de pressurisation du circuit de refroidissement primaire, qui rendait peu probable une fuite de radioactivité, le métal se solidifiant très vite, ils présentaient un inconvénient majeur pour leur entretien, la nécessité de maintenir le fluide de refroidissement à une température supérieure à 125°C, ce qui rendait problématique tout arrêt du réacteur pour des oppérations de maintenance.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Classe Alfa - Progetto 705 Lyra

Classe Alfa in emersione
Descrizione generale
Tipo sottomarino
Classe Alfa - Progetto 705
Numero unità {{{numero_unità}}}
Costruttori {{{costruttori}}}
Cantiere poliarnyj
Matricola
Ordine
Impostazione
Varo
Completamento
Entrata in servizio
Proprietario
Radiazione
Destino finale
Caratteristiche generali
Dislocamento 2900 t
Stazza lorda 3800 t
Lunghezza 81.4 m
Larghezza 9.5 m
Altezza 7 m
Pescaggio 1 m
Profondità operativa oltre 1000 m
Ponte di volo
Propulsione due reattori nucleare
Velocità 45+ (unità di misura) nodi
Autonomia n.mi. a nodi ( km a km/h)
Capacità di carico
Equipaggio 45 uomini
Passeggeri
Equipaggiamento
Sensori di bordo
Sistemi difensivi
Armamento artiglieria alla costruzione: 6 tubi lanciasiluri da 533mm, 6 da 650mm

siluri: siluri tipo Magnum da 650mm a propulsione nucleare, siluri convenzionali da 533mm

Corazzatura scafo in titanio con uno spessore di 0.5 metri
Mezzi aerei
Note
Motto
Soprannome

La Classe Alfa, nome in codice NATO della classe di sottomarini nucleari sovietici Progetto 705 Lyra, sono stati lo spauracchio della NATO, ben oltre le loro reali possibilità. Tra i più piccoli battelli nucleari costruiti, essi avevano lo scafo in titanio e due reattori potentissimi, raffreddati a metallo liquido (in particolare, i reattori successivi agli anni sessanta erano raffreddati ad elio), e con un elevato livello di rumorosità dovuto alla pompa ad alta pressione. Entrambe le cose si sono dimostrate estremamente difficili da realizzare in concreto, e gli 'Alfa' sono stati prodotti in soli 6 esemplari, tutti attualmente radiati dala servizio, a causa anche dei loro costi elevatissimi.

Poiché i siluri NATO dell'epoca raggiungevano al massimo i 45 nodi, le specifiche facevano affidamento sulla velocità di fuga elevata piuttosto che sulla furtività; i siluri come lo Spearfish britannico, con i loro quasi 70 nodi, hanno però vanificato ciò. La paura delle loro prestazioni, oltre 40 nodi e oltre 1000 metri di profondità max, ha dato il pretesto per costruire siluri ASW più potenti, con il risultato di costituire addirittura un 'overkill' per un sottomarino normale. Comunque, essi hanno costituito un salto tecnologico estremamente audace.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

beeway 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
浮上航行中のアルファ級原子力潜水艦。流線化された小型のチタン製船体に高出力の溶融金属冷却原子炉を搭載し水中での高速を誇った。1984年5月23日撮影

浮上航行中のアルファ級原子力潜水艦。流線化された小型のチタン製船体に高出力の溶融金属冷却原子炉を搭載し水中での高速を誇った。1984年5月23日撮影

アルファ級原子力潜水艦(アルファきゅうげんしりょくせんすいかん Alfa class submarine、проекта 705)はロシア海軍の攻撃型原子力潜水艦。アルファは、NATOコードネームであり、ロシア側の名称は705計画艦「リーラ」(пр. 705 "Лира")である。「лира」は一般に「竪琴」、または特にウクライナベラルーシ吟遊詩人の用いる弦楽器のことである。

1971年1981年に全部で7隻が建造され、すべてが北方艦隊に配備された。厳密には、1番艦と2番艦以降では原子炉の型式が異なり、後者をプ705K計画艦(プロイェクト705K)と呼ぶ。

[編集] 特色

水中で40ktを超える世界最高速の潜水艦として知られており、全速であれば速度の遅い魚雷を振り切ることもできる。また、旧ソ連の原潜に特徴的だったチタンによる船殻を持つ潜水艦のはしりであり、他にも溶融金属冷却原子炉の搭載、高度の自動装置による省力化(たとえば自動装填装置の採用による魚雷発射管室の無人化)など、多くの新機軸が用いられた。

溶融金属(ビスマスの合金)を冷却材とする溶融金属冷却原子炉が特徴的だが、これは高速を出すために必要な高出力を得るためである。艦船用原子炉として主流の軽水炉にくらべて、溶融金属冷却原子炉は高い熱効率を持つが、その反面、冷却材の凝固を防ぐため、運転を止めることが出来ない。すなわち、メンテナンスや配管の疲労では不利である。こうした原子炉の性質に由来する事故が相次いだこともあり、運用実績は思わしくなかった。1989年コムソモレツの沈没事故を機に、かねてから安全性を不安視されていたアルファ級は、1990年に3番艦以降5隻が、1996年に2番艦が除籍され、これによって全艦が退役した。

[編集] 諸元

  • 全長:81.4m
  • 全幅:10m
  • 吃水:7.6m
  • 水上排水量:2,300t
  • 水中排水量:3,100t
  • 予備浮力:31%
  • 船体構造:複殻式、6区画
  • 機関:原子力タービンエレクトリック方式 - 溶融金属冷却型原子炉×1基/OK-7型蒸気タービン(38,000馬力)×1基/スクリュー×1軸
  • 最高速力:水上14kt(26km/h)、水中43kt(80km/h)
  • 連続航海期間:50日
  • 運用深度:350~420m
  • 乗員:32名
  • 探索装置:オケアーン型ソナー
  • 航海・指揮機材:アッコールド型戦闘情報指揮システム、モールニヤ型通信システム
  • 兵装:533mm(21inch)魚雷発射管×6基 - 魚雷対潜ミサイル×18、または機雷×36

[編集] 同型艦

  • プロイェクト705
1971年竣工・就役、1972年解体(事実上の退役)、1978年除籍。問題が多発し、作戦運用されることは無かった。事実上の試験艦として用いられた。OK-550型原子炉(出力155MW)を搭載。
  • プロイェクト705K
以下6隻はBM-40A型原子炉(出力155MW)を搭載。

[編集] 参考文献

  • アンドレイ・V・ポルトフ、2005、『ソ連/ロシア原潜建造史』、海人社
  • A.S.Pavlov, Gregory Toker (translator), Norman Friedman (editor, English language edition), 1997, "Warships of the USSR and Russia 1945-1995", [Annapolis, Maryland]: Naval institute press, ISBN 155750671X.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Okręty podwodne projektu 705
Opis typu
Producent ZSRR
Użytkownicy Rosja
ZSRR
Stocznia Leningrad, Siewierodwińsk
Wprowadzenie do służby 1977
Zbudowane okręty 7
Dane taktyczno-techniczne
Wyporność na powierzchni 2300 t
w zanurzeniu 3200 t
Długość 81,4 m
Szerokość 9,5 m
Zanurzenie maksymalne ok. 1000 m
Napęd 1 reaktor jądrowy chłodzony ciekłym metalem wytwarzający parę dla turbiny parowej o mocy 40 000 KM, która napędzała siedmiołopatową śrubę
Prędkość nawodna 20 węzłów
podwodna 44 węzły
Załoga 41
Uzbrojenie 6 wyrzutni torped kalibru 533, mogących wystrzeliwać także pociski rakietowe i manewrujące

Okręty podwodne projektu 705 - radzieckie okręty podwodne z napędem atomowym. W kodzie NATO okręty nosiły oznaczenie Alfa. Dzięki tytanowemu kadłubowi okręty te należały do najgłębiej zanurzających się okrętów podwodnych świata. Jedynie "K-278 Komsomolec" charakteryzował się pod tym względem lepszymi osiągami.

Historia [edytuj]

Prace nad nowym okrętem podwodnym rozpoczęły się w ZSRR w 1957. Planowana jednostka miała spełniać bardzo wysokie wymagania. Od projektowanego okrętu wymagano, aby był w stanie dogonić każdą jednostkę pływającą nieprzyjaciela, wysoka prędkość miała także umożliwić uniknięcie ataków ze strony broni przeznaczonej do zwalczania okrętów podwodnych, a także umożliwić wyjście zwycięsko z konfrontacji z okrętami podwodnymi nieprzyjaciela. Okręt miał być trudny do wykrycia dzięki kształtowi kadłuba, niewielkim rozmiarom i zdolności do zanurzania się na bardzo duże głębokości.

Nowe rozwiązania techniczne, które planowano zastosować na okrętach projektu 705, testowano na doświadczalnym pojedynczym okręcie projektu 661, który wszedł do służby w 1969.

Budowę okrętów 705 rozpoczęto w 1974 w stoczni w Leningradzie i Siewierodwińsku. Pierwszy okręt wszedł do służby w 1977. Jednostki typu 705 traktowano jako platformy doświadczalne do testowania nowych rozwiązań technicznych w zakresie uzbrojenia, napędu i konstrukcji kadłuba. W 1983 po zbudowaniu 7 jednostki zakończono produkcję okrętów tego typu.

Pierwszy okręt typu 705 został wycofany ze służby w 1987, cztery kolejne do roku 1992. Ostatni okręt wycofano ze służby w 1995.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
ПЛАТ проекта 705/705К «Лира»


История корабля
Основные характеристики
Тип корабля ПЛАТ
Обозначение проекта 705, 705К «Лира»
Классификация NATO "Alfa"
Скорость (надводная) 14 узлов
Скорость (подводная) до 41 узла
Рабочая глубина погружения 320 м
Предельная глубина погружения 450 м
Автономность плавания 50 суток
Экипаж 32 человека
Размеры
Водоизмещение надводное 2300(2280[1])
Водоизмещение подводное 3180 т
Длина наибольшая (по КВЛ) 81,4(79,6[1]) м
Ширина корпуса наиб. 10,0 м (по стабилизаторам 13,5 м)
Средняя осадка (по КВЛ) 7,6 м
Силовая установка
ОК-550 (БМ-40А[1])
1 ядерный реактор РЖМТ мощностью 155МВт
1xГТЗА 40000 л.с.
АТГ 2x1500 КВт
Вооружение
Торпедно-
минное вооружение
6 ТА калибра 533 мм.
Боезапас: 20 торпед САЭТ-60 и СЭТ-65 или 24 мины ПМР-1 и ПМР-2.
См. также: Проект:Подводные лодки


Проект 705, 705K — серия советских атомных подводных лодок. Высокоскоростные небольшие одновальные лодки с титановым корпусом не имели аналогов по скорости и манёвренности, были предназначенны для уничтожения субмарин противника. Трудности в техобслуживании этих субмарин и сокращение финансирования в связи с началом перестройки привели к окончанию карьеры этих кораблей.

[править] Представители

Северный флот
Номер Дата вступления в строй
К-64 31 декабря 1971 г.
К-123 12 декабря 1977 г.
К-316 30 сентября 1978 г.
К-432[1] 31 декабря 1978 г.
К-373 29 декабря 1979 г.
К-493[1] 30 сентября 1981 г.
К-463[1] 30 декабря 1981 г.

[править] Интересные факты

  • Этим подводным лодкам принадлежит мировой рекорд подводной скорости из ныне действующих — 45 узлов (номинально их максимальная скорость составляет 41 узел). Сравнима в скорости с лодками этого проекта только выведенная из состава флота К-222 проекта 661 «Анчар», но К-222 намного более шумная;
  • За более чем 20 лет службы при борьбе за живучесть не погибло ни одного человека. Ни один из кораблей не был потерян;
  • «Лиры» могли преследовать любую субмарину и оторваться от любого преследования. На разгон до полного хода им требовалось всего около 1 минуты.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) FreseElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

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