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＜塑性加工＞

　 これからの加工技術のなかで、最大の成長分野である塑性加工は、わが国ではまだ若い技術分野であるため基礎技術が未熟であり、このような 状態を改善するためには基礎的科学的分野より塑性加工を取り上げて研究しなければならない。当所では最近特に問題となっている高速度高エネルギー加工と冷 間鍛造、押出の研究を中心に行っている。すなわち高速度高エネルギー加工については、放電圧力加工法の実用化に役立つ基礎資料を得るため各種金属の高速歪 変形機構、放電圧力発生機構、放電エネルギーと加工限などについて実験と考察を行なっている。圧接法については、圧接時の発熱機構の解明と圧接機の設計基 準設定に必要な資料を求めるための研究を行ない冷間鍛造、押出については、新しい方法の発見、作業技術基準の確立をはかるため、素材材料の加工性、工具の 強度、変形のプロセス、実際加工法の改善、加工機械等全体にわたって基本的科学的に研究をを進めている。そのほか、せん断加工および塑性加工における潤滑 ならびに塑性加工による残留応力が疲れ強さに及ぼす影響等一連の研究を行なっている。

＜構造力学＞

　構造の軽量化とプ レハブ化は時代のすう勢であり、その中心が複合構造（サンドイッチ構造、スチフナ構造）であることは広く認められている が、その設計方式や試験方法は全く未開発である。当所ではサンドイッチ構造やフィラメント・ワインディングを中心として経済性を加味した合理的設計方式の 確立と、試験方法の標準化を目的とした研究を行なっている。また生産加工機械の構造の力学的解明をはかるため、まず箱形梁の設計資料を得ることを目的とし て，梁のねじりおよび曲げにおける力学的挙勤と形状因子との関係について研究を行なっている。

19-1 「自動車ドアの衝撃試験」		自動車の安全設計に関する研究の一環として、プラスチック自動車ボディーの耐衝撃性に関する研究が行われている。 　 写真はその一部を紹介するもので、右は対象としたヒルマンのドアであるが、中央に10Kgのなす形重錘を3.35mの高さから落とすと（約 29km／hrの速度）、いちじるしい変形を示す。左の2個は、右のドアからERPでメス型をとり、これを用いて手積み成形したFRPドア（上下で積層構 成が異なる）で、やはり10kg−3.35mの衝撃に対し、金属ドアよりも損傷がかなり少ないことがわかる。FRPボディーの実車による衝突試験も実施中 である。
19-2 「FW成形の研究」		わが国のフィラメントワインディング（FW）成形技術の向上のために、43年度より当所においてもFW成形の研究が開始されたが、写 真はそのために試作されたGML−Ⅰ型FW成形機を示す。これはロービングヘッドがモノレールの上を周回してインプレーン巻きを行う所の、いわゆる race-truck　typeで、わが国では始めての試みである。なお写真には見えないが、ヘリカル巻用のトラバース機構も備えている。斜めに見える軸 にマンドレルを取付け、最大直径1mΦ、長さ2.5m、内容積2,000リットルの容器の成形が可能である。
20-1-2 「液中放電圧力による成形加工」		この装置は液体中における大電流放電により発生した衝撃高圧力を用いて、金属管、板の成形加工を行うものである。 　写真上は円管のバルジ加工装置である。上下一対の電極を導線で連結し、水を満たした円管に入れる。次に割型を閉じて放電し成形をおこなう。主仕様は最大充電エネルギ45KJ、電極間隔調整範囲0〜400mm、型厚調整範囲200〜400mmである。 　 下は薄板を成形加工する装置である。素板をダイス面に置き、しわ押え面に接触するまでダイスを上昇させて板の周辺部を油圧で押える。しわ押え部 の中央空間に水を満たし、電極（しわ押え部の中央に見える）において放電を行う。雄型は不要で、適切な放電エネルギを与えることにより、ダイスの形状とほ ぼ同一形状の成形板が得られる。最大充電エネルギ135KJ、素板の最大直径300mmである。
20-3 「割出制御摩擦圧接機」		摩擦圧接には、定角度位置での圧接が不可能であるとか、圧接物の断面形状が円形でなければならない理由から、適用範囲に制約があった。 　 そこで当所では、これらの制約を解消するために、世界に先がけて割出制御圧接の研究をはじめ、本機を試作した。本機は回転軸の回転速度変化をパ ルスカウントし、適当な時期に固定軸側からピンを突出させて、回転軸が所定の位相になるよう停止位置を制御するようになっている。
21-1 「多軸材料試験機」		材料の基礎的性質および種々の塑性変形機構の解明、ならびに新しい塑性加工法の開発などのために、当所で考案製作した材料試験機であ る。供試材に多方向からいろいろの外力を手動操作、あるいは自動プラミングによって加えて試験を行なう。各シリンダーとも最大圧縮荷重は30ton、引張 荷重は10tonである。現在は張力付加押出、せん孔、多方向押出、補助力付加せん断の研究を進めている。この他、補助力付加引張および圧縮試験、深絞 り、復動コイニングなど多方面に利用できる。
21-2 「ヘリカルロール加工」		高温度に加熱した金属棒を3個のロール間げきに通して、その直径を減らし、段付軸を作るのがこの加工の目的ある。この加工の生産能率 をあげるために、 実験機の左側の材料引張り装置により、ロール間げきから流出してくる加工部分を前方へ引き出しながら、またロール間げきを調節すれば、切くずを出さずに段 付軸を数秒あるいは数十秒の内に作ることができる。 　この実験機による研究を基にして、わが国において初めて実用機が作られた。
21-3 「プレス機械の剛性」		精密なプレス加工製品を作るに必要な高性能プレス機械の設計資料を得るために、プレス機械の剛性と工具寿命および製品精度の関係を調べている。　 　 写真はC形開口部を持つプレスフレーム各部、ボルスター面およびラムヘッドに変位形および加速度計を取付けて計測を行っているところで、この実 験では、打抜圧力および打抜速度をパラメータとして行い、プレスフレームの変形モードと工具寿命および製品精度の関係を追求してゆく。

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、Carbide end mill、Aerospace cutting tool、Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、NAS986’DIN6537’DIN6537’NAS965’NAS907’NAS897’NAS937’DIN1837’DIN338’DIN340’DIN1897’DIN6539’DIN6529’DIN6527’DIN6528’DIN6535HA’DIN1833’DIN212’DIN850’DIN335’DIN334’DIN347’Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、Carbide end mill、Aerospace cutting tool、Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、NAS986’DIN6537’DIN6537’NAS965’NAS907’NAS897’NAS937’DIN1837’DIN338’DIN340’DIN1897’DIN6539’DIN6529’DIN6527’DIN6528’DIN6535HA’DIN1833’DIN212’DIN850’DIN335’DIN334’DIN347’Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Circuito integrado 555 em silício

O silício (latim: silex, pedra dura, inglês: silicon) é um elemento químico de símbolo Si de número atômico 14 (14 prótons e 14 elétrons) com massa atómica igual a 28 u. À temperatura ambiente, o silício encontra-se no estado sólido. Foi descoberto por Jöns Jacob Berzelius, em 1823. O silício é o segundo elemento mais abundante da face da terra, perfazendo 25.7% do seu peso. Aparece na argila, feldspato, granito, quartzo e areia, normalmente na forma de dióxido de silício (também conhecido como sílica) e silicatos (compostos contendo silício, oxigênio e metais). O silício é o principal componente do vidro, cimento, cerâmica, da maioria dos componentes semicondutores e dos silicones, que são substâncias plásticas muitas vezes confundidas com o silício.

Pertence ao grupo 14 ( 4A ) da Classificação Periódica dos Elementos. Se apresenta na forma amorfa e cristalina; o primeiro na forma de um pó pardo mais reativo que a variante cristalina, que se apresenta na forma octaédrica de coloração azul grisáceo e brilho metálico.

Alumínio - Silício - Fósforo C Si Ge
Geral
Nome, símbolo, número	Silício, Si, 14
Classe , série química	Semi-metal , representativo (família do carbono)
Grupo, período, bloco	14 ( 4A ), 3, p
Densidade, dureza	2330 kg/m3, 6,5
Cor e aparência	Cinza escuro com tom azulado
Propriedades atômicas
massa atômica	28,0855(3) u
Raio médio†	110 pm
Raio atômico calculado	111 pm
Raio covalente	111 pm
Raio de van der Waals	210 pm
Configuração eletrônica	[Ne]3s2 3p2
Estado de oxidação (óxido)	4 ( anfótero )
Estrutura cristalina	cúbica de face centrada
Propriedades físicas
Estado da matéria	sólido (não magnético)
Ponto de fusão	1687 K
Ponto de ebulição	3173 K
Entalpia de vaporização	384,22 kJ/mol
Entalpia de fusão	50,55 kJ/mol
Pressão de vapor	4,77 Pa a 1683 K
Velocidade do som	__ m/s a __ K
Informações diversas
Eletronegatividade	1,90 (Pauling)
Calor específico	700 J/(kg K)
Condutividade elétrica	2,52 x 10-4 m-1·Ω-1
Condutividade térmica	148 W/(m*K)
1° Potencial de ionização	786,5 kJ/mol
2° Potencial de ionização	1577,1 kJ/mol
3° Potencial de ionização	3231,6 kJ/mol
4° Potencial de ionização	4355,5 kJ/mol
5° Potencial de ionização	16091 kJ/mol
6° Potencial de ionização	19805 kJ/mol
7° Potencial de ionização	23780 kJ/mol
8° Potencial de ionização	29287 kJ/mol
9° Potencial de ionização	33878 kJ/mol
10° Potencial de ionização	38726 kJ/mol
Isótopos mais estáveis
iso. AN Meia-vida MD ED MeV PD 28Si 92,23% Si é Isótopo estável com 14 neutrons 29Si 4,67% Si é estável com 15 nêutrons 30Si 3,1% Si é estável com 16 nêutrons 32Si Radioisótopo sintético 276 anos β- 0,224 32P
Unidades SI e CNPT exceto onde indicado o contrário

[editar] Características principais

Suas propriedades são intermediárias entre as do carbono e o germânio. Na forma cristalina é muito duro e pouco solúvel, apresentando um brilho metálico e uma coloração grisácea. É um elemento relativamente inerte e resistente à ação da maioria dos ácidos; reage com os halogênios e alcalis. O silício transmite mais de 95% dos comprimentos de onda das radiações infravermelhas.

[editar] Aplicações

É utilizado para a produção de ligas metálicas, na preparação de silicones, na indústria cerâmica e, por ser um material semicondutor muito abundante, tem um interesse muito especial na indústria eletrônica e microeletrônica, como material básico para a produção de transistores para chips, células solares e em diversas variedades de circuitos eletrônicos. Por esta razão é conhecida como Vale do silício a região da California ( EUA ) onde estão concentrados numerosas empresas do setor de eletrônica e informática.

O silício é um elemento vital em numerosas indústrias. O dióxido de silício, areia e argila são importantes constituintes do concreto armado e azulejos ( ladrilhos ), sendo empregadas na produção do cimento Portland.

Outros importantes usos do silício são:

• Como carga em materiais de revestimento e compósitos de cimento, como cerâmicas.
• Como elemento de liga em fundições.
• Fabricação de vidro e cristais para janelas e isolantes, entre outros usos.
• O carboneto de silício é um dos abrasivos mais importantes.
• Se usa em lasers para a obtenção de luz com um comprimento de onda de 456 nm.
• O silicone se usa em medicina para implantes em próteses e produção de lentes de contato.
• O silicone é usado para fabricação de Chupetas.

[editar] História

O silício ( do latím silex, sílica ) foi identificado pela primeira vez por Antoine Lavoisier em 1787, e posteriormente tomado como composto por Humphry Davy em 1800. Em 1811 Gay-Lussac, e Louis Thenard provavelmente, prepararam silício amorfo impuro aquecendo potássio com tetracloreto de silício. Em 1824 Berzelius preparou silício amorfo empregando um método similar ao de Gay-Lussac, purificando depois o produto obtido com lavagens sucessivas até isolar o elemento.

[editar] Abundância e obtenção

O silício é um dos componentes principais dos aerolitos, uma classe de meteoróides.

Em peso o silício representa mais da quarta parte da crosta terrestre e é o segundo elemento mais abundante perdendo apenas para o oxigênio. O silício não é encontrado no estado nativo; areia, quartzo, ametista, ágata, pedernal, opala e jaspe são alguns dos minerais importantes que apresentam na sua composição o óxido. Formando silicatos é encontrado, entre outros, no granito, feldspato, argila, hornblenda e mica.

O silício comercial é obtido a partir da sílica de alta pureza em fornos de arco elétrico reduzindo o óxido com eletrodos de carbono numa temperatura superior a 1900 ºC:

SiO₂ + C → Si + CO₂

O silício líquido se acumula no fundo do forno onde é extraido e resfriado. O silício produzido por este processo é denominado metalúrgico apresentando um grau de pureza superior a 99%. Para a construção de dispositivos semicondutores é necessário um silício de maior pureza, silício ultrapuro, que pode ser obtido por métodos físicos e químicos.

Os métodos físicos de purificação do silício metalúrgico se baseiam na maior solubilidade das impurezas contidas no silício líquido, de forma que este se concentre nas últimas zonas solidificadas. O primeiro método , usado de forma limitada para construir radares durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, consistiu em moer o silício de forma que as impurezas se acumulem nas superfícies dos grânulos, que dissolvidos com ácido se obtém um pó mais puro. A fusão por zonas, o primeiro método de obtenção industrial, consiste em fundir a extremidade de uma barra de silício e depois deslocar lentamente o foco de calor ao longo da barra, de modo que o silício vai se solidificando com uma pureza maior devido ao arrasto na zona fundida de grande parte das impurezas. O processo pode ser repetido várias vezes até se obter a pureza desejada cortando-se, então, o extremo final onde se acumulou as impurezas.

Os métodos químicos, usados atualmente, atuam sobre um composto de silício que seja mais fácil de purificar decompondo-se após a purificação para obter o silício. Os compostos mais usados são o triclorosilano (HSiCl₃), o tetracloreto de silício (SiCl₄) e o silano (SiH₄).

No processo Siemens , as barras de silicio de alta pureza são expostas a 1150ºC ao triclorosilano, gás que se decompõem depositando silício adicional na barra segundo a reação:

2 HSiCl₃ → Si + 2 HCl + SiCl₄

O silício obtido por este método e por outros similares apresenta uma fração de impurezas de 0,001 ppm ou menos e é denominado silício policristalino .

O método Dupont consiste em reagir tetracloreto de silício a 950ºC com vapores de zinco muito puros:

SiCl₄ + 2 Zn → Si + 2 ZnCl₂

Este método, entretanto, está repleto de dificuldades ( o cloreto de zinco, subproduto da reação, solidifica e obstrui as linhas de produção ) por isso abandonado em favor do método Siemens.

Uma vez obtido o silício ultrapuro é necessário obter-se o monocristal utilizando-se para tal o método Czochralski.

[editar] Isótopos

O silício tem nove isótopos com massas atômicas entre 25 e 33, dos quais o Si-28 ( é o mais abundante, 92,23%), Si-29 (4,67%) e Si-30 (3,1%) são estáveis.

[editar] Precauções

A inalação de pó seco de silício cristalino pode provocar a silicose.

[editar] Referências

• Enciclopedia Libre
• Los Alamos National Laboratory - Silicio
• WebElements.com - Silicio
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Silicio
• http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicio

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、Carbide end mill、Aerospace cutting tool、Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、NAS986’DIN6537’DIN6537’NAS965’NAS907’NAS897’NAS937’DIN1837’DIN338’DIN340’DIN1897’DIN6539’DIN6529’DIN6527’DIN6528’DIN6535HA’DIN1833’DIN212’DIN850’DIN335’DIN334’DIN347’Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

ECM - Advantages and disadvantages

The ECM process has many advantages as regards to other machining techniques. These can be divided in machine, material and product.

Machine advantages:

• Low running and tooling costs.
• Initial investment in tooling is high, but the recurring costs are low.
  • o?electrode wear.

• The hardness, toughness and thermal resistance do not effect the Material Removal Rate (MRR). For tooling the product it is also not important if the tooling occurs before or after a hardening step.
• MRR is high, approximately 1,5 cm³/min at 1000 A DC.
• MRR does not depend on the type of material.
  • Hard and tough alloys are equally quick machined as for instance Aluminium.

• The product is after tooling free from burrs.
• Contact free tooling principle.
  • The process gets no thermal or physical tension in the product.
  • No upper layer deformation like in other machining techniques.
• 3-Dimensional products can be tooled in one single step.
• High surface qualities are feasible (Ra <0,05>
• High dimension accuracy is feasible.
• Material tension which is released during the process, is being counterbalanced if possible.
• Stainless steel is influenced in its upper layer by various machining techniques, by which local rust formation can occur. This does not happen with ECM.
• With the application of ECM, it is possible to generate more freedom of design for the product.

• ECM is known from the past as an environmental polluting process. With the development in the treatment of electrolyte, this process is less environmental polluting. By realising a closed electrolyte treatment system, the disposals in the sewage system are shut off. The produced sludge nowadays can be used as raw material with or without after-treatment. This depends on the machined material.
• Each product and each material demands a new research.
• High production numbers are necessary because a special electrode has to be developed for each product. The optimum depends on the complexity and the material.
• High energy consumption, but much lower than other non-conventional machining techniques.
• The electrode design is complex and initially expensive, but it has an nfinite?service life.
• ECM demands a staff with a relatively high level of knowledge.

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、Carbide end mill、Aerospace cutting tool、Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、NAS986’DIN6537’DIN6537’NAS965’NAS907’NAS897’NAS937’DIN1837’DIN338’DIN340’DIN1897’DIN6539’DIN6529’DIN6527’DIN6528’DIN6535HA’DIN1833’DIN212’DIN850’DIN335’DIN334’DIN347’Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

ECM - Related techniques

Below there are described shortly some techniques which are synonymous to the electrochemical effect/treatment.

ECD Electrochemical Deburring
By means of ECD it is possible to remove electrochemical burrs from the products. This technique is often applied now to remove burrs in engine parts and automotive.

ECD Electrochemical Drilling
With ECD cooling channels can for instance be placed in the products, these cooling channels are characterized by the big hole/diameter proportions.

CE Chemical Etching
Chemical Etching is applied to machine the products in a tension free way. The material is dissolved locally with the help of chemistry. By covering parts of the product, you can apply some selectivity. The accuracy and the speeds are very low.

EDM Electrical Discharge Machining Electrical Discharge Machining is characterized by a high feasible accuracy. The material will be removed by a spark. The disadvantage is that the spark over between the workpiece and the electrode will change the microstructure in the product. At the same time, the electrode is sensible to wear. Furthermore, EDM will be characterized by the slow machining speed.

AM Anodic Machining
In literature Anodic Machining is a synonym for ECM

Electroplating
Through plating a micro layer is applied to the cathode. You can think here about Nickeling and Galvanizing. The electrical connection is comparable with ECM, but with plating you work in baths with much lower current densities. The cathode is here the workpiece and the anode is the electrode, usually a plate.

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、Carbide end mill、Aerospace cutting tool、Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、NAS986’DIN6537’DIN6537’NAS965’NAS907’NAS897’NAS937’DIN1837’DIN338’DIN340’DIN1897’DIN6539’DIN6529’DIN6527’DIN6528’DIN6535HA’DIN1833’DIN212’DIN850’DIN335’DIN334’DIN347’Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

中草藥的微米化技術，在先進國家如美日已進入實用化階段，奈米化技術則剛起步，以中國最早進入此一領域，微米結合奈米，將使中草藥節省大量原料成本，特別在貴重藥材方面更是重要，另一方面還可大幅提高中藥材的利用率。

▃全文：

天然中草藥的成分非常複雜，含有療效成分與有毒無效部分，為了提高效用，必須儘可能去除有毒成分，並萃取有療效部分。近幾年來，萃取中藥有效成分出現了許多新技術，如微波法、超音波法、破碎萃取法與酵素法等。

以往所使用的中藥微米技術主要是指破碎萃取法，破壞中藥材的細胞壁，再萃取其細胞組織，當細胞壁的破損率達70~80%時，中草藥中的有效成分利用率可提高至60~70%，藥效則增加8倍。

若是進一步以奈米取代微米的話，藥材中許多有效，特異性能開始呈現，例如將銀製成奈米層級微小顆粒後，便能吸收抗感染藥物，其效果與抗生素不相上下、但奈米銀抗菌藥物沒有抗生素副作用以及耐性菌的問題。

中草藥的微米化技術，在先進國家如美日已進入實用化階段，奈米化技術則剛起步，以中國最早進入此一領域，微米結合奈米，將使中草藥節省大量原料成本，特別在貴重藥材方面更是重要，另一方面還可大幅提高中藥材的利用率。

（1）奈米中草藥研發方向

日 本國內有將近一千種漢方藥劑（中草藥成藥），其中小柴胡湯大約占漢方製劑總產值30%左右，但 1996年發生了「小柴胡湯副作用事件」，服用者連續三年共食用了7.5公斤製劑，結果差點死亡，此一事件使得日本漢方製劑銷路下跌甚多，也說明了只是探 討藥的成分，沒有深入瞭解各成分相互間關係的話是不行的。

中藥材有效成分通常並非單一結構化合物，而是多種物質混合的整體療效與調節作用，但是這種複方藥物各成分間相互作用至今仍不是很清楚。

因此，中草藥的研發分為三大方向，一是逐一減少複方成分，去除與治療疾病無關部分，一是以複方成分進行藥理研究，另一則是依循西藥研發模式。而研究中草藥的人大多認為中藥的療效絕非僅與其中特殊化學成分有關，藥物本身物理情況與服用者特殊體質也扮演重要角色。

奈米中草藥目的在使得藥物顆粒更細小化，奈米中藥研發先決條件必須是安全的、有效的、沒毒以及無副作用，並且不能影響其療效。

（2）奈米中藥的臨床應用

奈米生技/醫藥在中藥的臨床應用大致可分為五大方向

口服藥劑：
傳統中藥口服劑顆粒都很大，不但攜帶不方便也不易吞服，奈米科技可使中藥劑的顆粒微小化，達到奈米層級。

外用藥劑：
中 藥外用藥劑可區分為經皮吸收與黏膜吸收兩類。人體皮膚上的毛孔大約是二微米大 小，遠大於奈米級，奈米中藥當然容易經皮吸收，目前奈米技術用在中草藥經皮吸收主要著眼於燒燙傷與外傷之上治療。例如由中國第四軍醫大學所研究的海水浸泡 後燒傷及創傷癒合實驗，已有初步成果。奈米中藥用在經皮吸收方面的有治療肌肉、骨骼酸痛、療效較以往大為提高。另外對於某些西醫難以完全根治的成人病與內 科疾病，若採用經皮吸收的奈米中藥，結合中醫的穴位給藥理論，由經絡、血脈將藥物直接送至病巢，是相當好的一項療法，目前在氣喘，心絞痛以及高血壓等病症 已有良好療效。

經由黏膜給藥方式主要有由口腔、鼻腔、陰道及肛門等方式，中藥劑型也有許多種，如貼劑、栓劑、噴劑。一般用藥方法難以到達的鼻腔、陰道及肛門等部位，以奈米中藥噴劑可以達到目的。依此方式對陰道用藥，還能殺死細菌及精蟲，也是避孕的新方法。

口 腔給藥是針對如上呼吸道感染等口腔疾病，鼻腔給藥的對象有鼻炎、失眠、神經衰弱等疾病。陰道給藥可 採用膏劑與膜劑，配合殺菌，殺病毒與精蟲有效成分，研發成消毒避孕套以及預防性病的新藥。肛門給藥則以栓劑、凝膠以及外貼等劑型，可醫治痔瘡、攝護腺、盲 腸炎及非特異性結腸炎等疾病。

針劑
奈米層級的微細顆粒製成針劑，對治療心血管疾病以及癌症等重大疾病有明顯療效，主要因為奈米顆粒能達到目標準確，如飛彈般的治療。

診斷治療方面
奈米中藥劑製成的微小機器人，進入人體特定部位，可達到診斷與治療目的。

健康相關商品
如抗菌化?菻~、牙膏、消毒品、淨化水質、抗菌塗料、服飾等。奈米鞋墊可除臭，奈米牙膏可去口臭等。

（3）奈米新中藥的產業化與問題點

過去中藥由於標準化程度低，缺乏科學規範標準與質量控制，因此大部分無法獲得歐美地區的認同。目前全球中草藥的研發手段主要朝下列方向進行。

用現代生物科技。如在產品製造上利用微米技術，在不影響藥材特性下，大大提高療效。

增加劑型種類。中草藥原料微細化之後，用量可以降低，製造中藥成藥時劑型種類便能多樣性，如製成膜型，經皮劑型、栓劑、飲片、噴霧劑等，應用領域及使用均改進許多。

引用先進設備、品質管理建立操作規範，產品品質大為提高。

包裝、設計新穎，產品形象好。

傳 統中藥必須脫離以往人工化、品管馬虎的製造方式，奈米技術的興起正是中藥提升產品境界的機會，目前 結合奈米技術的中草藥雖然仍有許多瓶頸待突破（如多種成分如何混合成奈米顆粒以及中藥本身成分多變性等），但未來目標是朝向三效（高效、速效及長效）、三 小（劑量小、毒性小、副作用小）以及五方便（服用方便、生產方便、運輸方便、攜帶方便及保存方便）。

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、Carbide end mill、Aerospace cutting tool、Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、NAS986’DIN6537’DIN6537’NAS965’NAS907’NAS897’NAS937’DIN1837’DIN338’DIN340’DIN1897’DIN6539’DIN6529’DIN6527’DIN6528’DIN6535HA’DIN1833’DIN212’DIN850’DIN335’DIN334’DIN347’Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Al - Si - P C Si Ge Układ okresowy
Dane ogólne
Nazwa, symbol, l.a.*	Krzem, Si, 14
Własności metaliczne	metaloid
Grupa, okres, blok	14 (IVA), 3, p
Gęstość, twardość	2330 kg/m3, 6,5
Kolor	szary
Własności atomowe
Masa atomowa	28,0855 u
Promień atomowy (obl.)	110 (111) pm
Promień kowalencyjny	111 pm
Promień van der Waalsa	210 pm
Konfiguracja elektronowa	[Ne]3s23p2
e- na poziom energetyczny	2, 8, 4
Stopień utlenienia	4
Własności kwasowe tlenków	amfoteryczne
Struktura krystaliczna	regularna ściennie centrowana
Własności fizyczne
Stan skupienia	stały
Temperatura topnienia	1687 K (1414 °C)
Temperatura wrzenia	3173 K (2900°C)
Objętość molowa	12,06×10-6 m3/mol
Ciepło parowania	384,22 kJ/mol
Ciepło topnienia	50,55 kJ/mol
Ciśnienie pary nasyconej	4,77 Pa (1683 K)
Prędkość dźwięku	bd
Pozostałe dane
Elektroujemność	1,90 (Pauling) 1,74 (Allred)
Ciepło właściwe	700 J/(kg*K)
Przewodność właściwa	2,52×10-4 S/m
Przewodność cieplna	148 W/(m*K)
I Potencjał jonizacyjny	786,5 kJ/mol
II Potencjał jonizacyjny	1577,1 kJ/mol
III Potencjał jonizacyjny	3231,6 kJ/mol
IV Potencjał jonizacyjny	4355,5 kJ/mol
V Potencjał jonizacyjny	16091 kJ/mol
VI Potencjał jonizacyjny	19805 kJ/mol
VII Potencjał jonizacyjny	23780 kJ/mol
VIII Potencjał jonizacyjny	29287 kJ/mol
IX Potencjał jonizacyjny	33878 kJ/mol
X Potencjał jonizacyjny	38726 kJ/mol
Najbardziej stabilne izotopy*
izotop wyst. o.p.r s.r. e.r. MeV p.r. 28Si 92,23% stabilny izotop z 14 neutronami 29Si 4,67% stabilny izotop z 15 neutronami 30Si 3,1% stabilny izotop z 16 neutronami 32Si {syn.} 276 lat β- 0,224 32P
Tam, gdzie nie jest zaznaczone inaczej, użyte są jednostki SI i warunki normalne.
*Wyjaśnienie skrótów: l.a.=liczba atomowa wyst.=występowanie w przyrodzie, o.p.r.=okres połowicznego rozpadu, s.r.=sposób rozpadu, e.r.=energia rozpadu, p.r.=produkt rozpadu

Krzem (Si, łac. silicium) - pierwiastek chemiczny, z grupy półmetali w układzie okresowym. Izotopy stabilne krzemu to ²⁸Si, ²⁹Si i ³⁰Si. Wartościowość: 4 (w większości związków), 5 i 6. Krzem (monokryształy krzemu) jest wykorzystywany powszechnie w przemyśle elektronicznym.

Krzem został zidentyfikowany jako pierwiastek przez Antoine Lavoisiera w 1787. Humphry Davy, w 1800 r. błędnie uznał, że krzem jest związkiem chemicznym i opinia ta przetrwała aż do 1824 r. kiedy to Jöns Jacob Berzelius otrzymał czysty krzem z krzemionki SiO₂, przeprowadzając ją kwasem fluorowodorowym w SiF₄ i redukując go potasem.

Występowanie [edytuj]

Zawartość krzemu w zewnętrznych strefach Ziemi wynosi 26,95% wagowo. Jest drugim po tlenie najbardziej rozpowszechnionym pierwiastkiem. Krzemionka SiO₂ w różnych odmianach polimorficznych (kwarc, trydymit, krystobalit) oraz krzemiany i glinokrzemiany stanowią większość skał tworzących skorupę ziemską Od niego pochodzi nazwa pierwszej, zewnętrznej warstwy globu SiAl.

Wszystkie rośliny żywe (nie suszone) zawierają rozpuszczalne i przyswajalne przez organizm człowieka związki krzemu. W największych ilościach występują one w skrzypach, poziewniku, rdeście ptasim, pokrzywie, podbiale, perzu, poziomce i konopiach. Drugim ważnym dla człowieka źrodłem przyswajalnych związków krzemu jest mleko i przetwory mleczne.

Związki [edytuj]

Krzem, podobnie jak węgiel, tworzy łańcuchy krzem-krzem, krzem-tlen-krzem oraz krzem-azot-krzem. Istnieje dość liczna (około 300 000) grupa takich związków, jest ich jednak o wiele mniej niż związków węgla.

Ze względu na zdolność do tworzenia łańcuchów, krzem jest proponowany jako alternatywna wobec węgla podstawa życia.

Najważniejsze związki krzemu to krzemionka, będąca podstawowym składnikiem piasku i szkła, kwasy krzemowe H_2nSi_mO_2m+n, ich sole - krzemiany, które są składnikami szkła wodnego oraz chlorosilany i alkoksysilany podstawowe substraty do produkcji polisiloksanów i żeli krzemionkowych.

Znaczenie biologiczne [edytuj]

Organizm potrzebuje 20-30 mg krzemu dziennie. Większej dawki wymagają kobiety w ciąży, osoby po operacjach kostnych oraz ludzie starsi, gdyż ilość tego pierwiastka w narządach maleje z wiekiem. Występuje przede wszystkim w tkance łącznej, z której zbudowane są ścięgna, błony śluzowe, ściany naczyń krwionośnych, zastawki serca, skóra i układ kostno-stawowy. Krzem usuwa z komórek substancje toksyczne, korzystnie wpływa na naczynia włosowate, uszczelniając je, zwiększa wytrzymałość tkanki kostnej, wzmacnia zdolność obronną organizmu przeciw zakażeniom, zapobiega przedwczesnemu starzeniu się. Usuwa podrażnienia i stany zapalne skóry, poprawiając jej ogólny wygląd i zapobiegając wiotczeniu, ogranicza wypadanie włosów, przyspiesza ich wzrost, wzmacnia paznokcie. Jest on również używany do budowy ścian komórkowych niektórych organizmów oraz stanowi centrum reaktywności kilkunastu enzymów, odpowiedzialnych za "przerób" krzemionki okrzemków i niektórych skorupiaków.

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

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