公告版位
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Perioda tabelo
H















He
Li Be









B C N O F Ne
Na Mg









Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra ** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo



* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu


** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Nikelo estas kemia elemento en la perioda tabelo tiu havas la simbolon Ni kaj la atomnumero 28. Ĝi estas arĝent-kolora transirmetalo. Ĉefe, ĝi estas valora pro sia uzo en alojoj.

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U Nichele (o nicheli) (simbulu Ni) hè u 28imu elementu chimicu. A so massa atomica hè 58,69 g/mol è a so densità hè 8,91 g/cm3 . U Nichele hè statu scupertu in u 1751 da Cronstedt.

[edit] Riferimenti

  • Listinu di l'elementi chimichi annantu à a wikipedia in talianu è in francese

L'Elementi chimichi

Afniu - Alluminiu - Americiu - Antimoniu - Argentu - Argentuvivu - Argone - Arsenicu - Astatu - Attiniu - Azotu - Bariu - Berilliu - Berkeliu - Bismutu - Bohriu - Boru - Bromu - Cadmiu - Calciu - Californiu - Carboniu - Ceriu - Cesiu - Cloru - Cobaltu - Cromu - Curiu - Darmstadtiu - Disprosiu - Dubniu - Einsteiniu - Eliu - Erbiu - Europiu - Fermiu - Ferru - Fluoru - Fosforu - Franciu - Gadoliniu - Galliu - Germaniu - Hassiu - Idrogenu - Indiu - Iodiu - Iridiu - Itterbiu - Ittriu - Kriptone - Lantaniu - Laurenziu - Litiu - Luteziu - Magnesiu - Manganese - Meitneriu - Mendeleviu - Molibdenu - Neodimiu - Neone - Nettuniu - Nichele - Niobiu - Nobeliu - Olmiu - Oru - Osmiu - Ossigenu - Palladiu - Piombu - Platinu - Plutoniu - Poloniu - Potassiu - Praseodimiu - Promeziu - Protoattiniu - Radiu - Radone - Ramu - Reniu - Rodiu - Roentgeniu - Rubidiu - Ruteniu - Rutherfordiu - Samariu - Scandiu - Seaborgiu - Seleniu - Siliciu - Sodiu - Stagnu - Stronziu - Talliu - Tantaliu - Tecneziu - Telluriu - Terbiu - Titaniu - Toriu - Tuliu - Tungstenu - Ununbiu - Ununhexiu - Ununoctiu - Ununpentiu - Ununquadiu - Ununseptiu - Ununtriu - Uraniu - Vanadiu - Xenu - Zingu - Zirconiu - Zolfu -


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Cobalt - Níquel - Coure
Ni
Pd

General
Nom, símbol, nombre Níquel, Ni, 28
Sèrie química Metall de transició
Grup, període, bloc 10, 4 , d
Densitat, duresa Mohs 8908 kg/m3, 4,0
Aparença Llustrós, metàl·lic
Aparença del Níquel
Propietats atòmiques
Pes atòmic 58,6934 uma
Radi mitjà 135 pm
Radi atòmic calculat 149 pm
Radi covalent 121 pm
Radi de Van der Waals 163 pm
Configuració electrònica [Ar]3d84s2
Estats d'oxidació (òxid) 2,3 (lleument bàsic)
Estructura cristal·lina Cúbica centrada en les cares
Propietats físiques
Estat de la matèria Sòlid (ferromagnètic)
Punt de fusió 1728 K
Punt d'ebullició 3186 K
Entalpia de vaporització 370,4 kJ/mol
Entalpia de fusió 17,47 kJ/mol
Pressió de vapor 237 Pa a 1726 K
Velocitat del so 4970 m/s a 293,15 K
Informació diversa
Electronegativitat 1,91 (Pauling)
Calor específica 440 J/(kg·K)
Conductivitat elèctrica 14,3 x 106 m-1·ohm-1
Conductivitat tèrmica 90,7 W/(m·K)
1er potencial d'ionització 737,1 kJ/mol
2on potencial d'ionització 1753 kJ/mol
3er potencial d'ionització 3395 kJ/mol
4t potencial d'ionització 5300 kJ/mol
Isòtops més estables
iso. AN Període de semidesintegració CD ED MeV PD
56Ni Sintètic 6,077 dies ε 2,136 56Co
58Ni 68,077% Ni és estable amb 30 neutrons
59Ni Sintètic 76000 anys ε 1,072 59Co
60Ni 26,233% Ni és estable amb 32 neutrons
61Ni 1,14% Ni és estable amb 33 neutrons
62Ni 3,634% Ni és estable amb 34 neutrons
63Ni Sintètic 100,1 anys β- 2,137 63Cu
64Ni 0,926% Ni és estable amb 36 neutrons
Valors en el SI d'unitats i en CNPT (0º C i 1 atm),
excepte quan s'indica el contrari.

El níquel és un element químic de nombre atòmic 28 i símbol Ni situat en el grup 10 de la taula periòdica dels elements.

[edita] Característiques principals

És un metall de transició de color blanc platejat, conductor de l'electricitat i de la calor, és dúctil i mal·leable pel que es pot laminar, polir i forjar fàcilment, i presenta cert ferromagnetisme. Es troba en distints minerals, en meteorits (aliat amb ferro) i, en principi, hi ha níquel en l'interior de la Terra.

És resistent a la corrosió i se sol utilitzar com a recobriment, per mitjà de electrodeposició. El metall i algun dels seus aliatges, com el metall Monel, s'utilitzen per a manejar el fluor i alguns fluorurs pel fet que reacciona amb dificultat amb aquests productes.

El seu estat d'oxidació més normal és +2. Pot presentar-ne altres, s'han observat estats d'oxidació 0, +1 i +3 en complexos, però són molt poc característics.

[edita] Aplicacions

Aproximadament el 65% del níquel consumit s'empra en la fabricació d'acer inoxidable austenític i un altre 12% en superaliatges de níquel. El restant 23% es repartix entre altres aliatges, bateríes recarregables, catàlisi, encunyació de moneda, recobriments metàl·lics i fosa:

[edita] Rol biològic

Moltes hidrogenases, encara que no totes, contenen níquel, especialment en aquelles la funció de les quals és oxidar l'hidrogen. Sembla ser que el níquel pateix canvis en el seu estat d'oxidació el que indicaria que el nucli de níquel és la part activa de l'enzim.

El níquel està també present en l'enzim metil com a reductasa i en bacteris metanogènics.

[edita] Història

L'ús del níquel es remunta aproximadament al segle IV aC generalment junt amb el coure ja que apareix ben sovint en els minerals d'aquest metall; bronzes originaris de l'actual Síria tenen continguts de níquel superiors al 2%. Manuscrits xinesos suggerixen que el «coure blanc» s'utilitzava a Orient cap a 1400-1700 aC, no obstant la facilitat de confondre les menes de níquel amb les de plata indueix a pensar que en realitat l'ús del níquel va ser posterior, cap al segle IV aC.

Els minerals que contenen níquel, com la niquelina, s'han emprat per a pintar el vidre. El 1751 Axel Frederik Cronstedt, intentant extraure coure de la niquelina, va obtindre un metall blanc que va anomenar níquel, ja que els miners de Hartz atribuïen al «vell Nick» (el diable) el que alguns minerals de coure no pogueren ser treballats i el metall responsable d'això va resultar ser el descobert per Cronstedt en la niquelina, o kupfernickel, diable del coure, com s'anomenava i s'anomena encara al mineral.

La primera moneda de níquel pur s'encunyà el 1881.

[edita] Abundància i obtenció

El níquel apareix en forma de metall en els meteors junt amb el ferro (formant els aliatges kamacita i taenita) i es creu que es troba en el nucli de la Terra també amb el ferro. Combinat es troba en minerals diversos com garnierita, millerita, pentlandita i pirrotina.

Les mines de Nova Caledònia (Austràlia) i Canadà produeixen avui en dia el 70% del níquel consumit. Altres productors són Cuba, Puerto Rico, Rússia i Xina.

[edita] Isòtops

En la naturalesa es troben 5 isòtops estables: Ni-58, Ni-60, Ni-61, Ni-62 i Ni-64, sent el més lleuger el més abundant (68,077%). S'han caracteritzat a més 18 isòtops radioactius dels que els més estables són el Ni-59, el Ni-63 i el Ni-56 amb períodes de semidesintegració de 76.000 anys, 100,1 anys i 6,077 dies respectivament. Els altres radioisòtops, amb masses atòmiques des de 52 uma (Ni-52) a 74 uma (Ni-74), tenen períodes de semidesintegració inferiors a 60 hores i la majoria no arriben els 30 segons. El níquel té a més un estat metaestable.

El Ni-56 es produeix en grans quantitats en supernoves de tipus II corresponent la forma de la corba de llum a la desintegració del Ni-56 en Co-56 i aquest en Fe-56.

El Ni-59 és un isòtop de llarga vida obtingut per cosmogènesis. Aquest isòtop ha trobat diverses aplicacions en la datació radiomètrica de meteorits i en la determinació de l'abundància de pols extraterrestre en gels i sediments. El Ni-60 és fill del Fe-60 (període de semidesintegració d'1,5 milions d'anys) la persistència del qual en el Sistema Solar en concentracions prou altes ha pogut causar variacions observables en la composició isotòpica del Ni-60, d'aquesta manera, l'anàlisi de l'abundància de Ni-60 en materials extraterrestres pot proporcionar informació sobre l'origen del sistema solar i la seua història primordial.

[edita] Precaucions

L'exposició al níquel metall i els seus compostos solubles no ha de superar els 0,05 mg/cm³ mesurats en nivells de níquel equivalent per a una exposició laboral de 8 hores diàries i 40 setmanals. Els vapors i la pols de sulfur de níquel es sospita que poden ser cancerigens.

El carbonil de níquel (Ni(CO)4), generat durant el procés d'obtenció del metall, és un gas extremadament tòxic.

Les persones sensibilitzades poden manifestar al·lèrgies al níquel. La quantitat de níquel admissible en productes que puguin entrar en contacte amb la pell està regulada per la Unió Europea; tot i així, la revista Nature va publicar el 2002 un article en què investigadors afirmaven haver trobat en monedes d'1 i 2 euros nivells superiors als permesos, es creu que a causa d'una reacció galvànica.


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Sa Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije

Nikl (Ni, latinski - niccolum) je metal VIIIB grupe. Ima 14 izotopa čije se atomske mase nalaze između 53-67, od kojih je postojano 5 (58,60,61,62,64).


Rasprostranjenost [uredi]

Zastupljen je u zemljinoj kori u količini od 80 ppm (eng. parts per million) u obliku minerala garnierita i pantlandita.

Godine 1751 otkrio ga je Axel Fredrik Cronstedt.

Nikl gradi niz kompleksnih jedinjenja kao na primjer nikolcen


Biološki značaj [uredi]

Nikl je mikroelementi prisutan u mnogim enzimima. Dnevno bi ga trebalo minimalno unositi u količini 0,3 miligrama.

Osobine [uredi]

Nikl je srebrnobijele boje blistav metal otporan na koroziju. Koristi se za prevlačenje drugih metala radi zaštite. Legure nikla i bakra se koriste za izradu kovanog novca, pribora za jelo. Nikl se takođe dodaje čeliku i drugim legurama da bi povećao njihovu otpornost na koroziju.


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Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия

Направо към: навигация, търсене
28 КобалтНикелМед
-

Ni

Паладий


Химическа серия метал
Група, Период, Блок 10, 4, d
Външен вид метален блясък
Свойства на атома
Атомна маса 58,6934(2) u
Атомен радиус (calc) 135 () pm
Ковалентен радиус 121 pm
Радиус на ван дер Ваалс 163 pm
Електронна конфигурация [Ar] 3d8 4s2
e- на енергийно ниво 2, 8, 16, 2
Оксидационни състояния
(Оксид)
2, 3 ()
Кристална структура кубична
Физични свойства
Агрегатно състояние твърдо
Плътност 8,908 kg/m³
Температура на топене 1728 K (1455 °C)
Температура на кипене 3186 K (2913 °C)
Моларен обем m³/mol
Специфична топлина на топене 17,48 kJ/mol
Специфична топлина на изпарение 377.5 kJ/mol
Налягане на парата 100 Pa при 2154 K
Скорост на звука 4900 m/s при K
Други
Електроотрицателност 69,3 (скала на Паулинг)
Специфичен топлинен капацитет J/(kg·K)
Специфична електропроводимост S/m
Топлопроводимост 13,4 W/(m·K)
Йонизационен потенциал 200 kJ/mol


Периодична система на елементите

Никелът е метален химичен елемент в Периодичната система на елементите със символ Ni и атомен номер 28.

[редактиране] Характеристики

Никелът е сребристо бял метал, който издържа на полировка. Принадлежи към групата на металите, твърд е, ковък и еластичен. Среща се в съединения със сяра в минерала милерит, както и с арсен в минерала никелин.

Никелът е неизменчив във въздуха и е инертен на окисляване. Той се използва за позлатяване на метал, месинг, и т.н., за химическа апаратура, и в сигурни сплави, като Немско сребро. Той е магнитен, и е придружен много често от кобалт, заедно могат да бъдат намерени в метеоритно желязо. Никелът е особено ценен заради сплавите, които формира.

Никелът е един от петте феромагнитни елемента. Американската монета „никел“ не е магнитна, защото е съставена главно от мед, но канадските никели са били до 1958 г.

Най-обичайните стойности на окисление на никела са +2, но също така 0, +1, +3 и +4.

Никел-62 притежава най-стабилнят нуклид. По-стабилен е дори от желязо-56.

[редактиране] История

Никел се използвал още 3500 години пре.н.е., но никеловата руда билa често бърканa със сребърна и затова тя бива използвана като самостоятелен елемент в мнoго по-късен момент от историята.

Минералите, съдържащи никел, били ценени, защото оцветявали стъклото в зелено.

През 1881 година е изсечена първата монета от чист никел.

[редактиране] Биологична роля

Въпреки, че това не било прието схващане преди 1970-те години, никелът играе значителна роля в биологията. Никел се съдържа в уреазатаензим, който способства хидролизата на уреята.

[редактиране] Руди

Добивът на никел идва от два типа руди: от една страна, когато главните рудни добиви са от никелов минерален лимонит: (Fe,Ni)O(OH) и (Ni,Mg)3Si2O5(OH), а от друга — магнитни сулфидни наноси, в които основната руда е : (Ni,Fe)9S8. В експлоатационния си период мините в района на Събдъри, Онтарио, Канада добиват около 30% от световния запас на никел. За събдърийския залеж се смята, че се е появил при сблъсъка с голям метеорит още в ранните години от създаването на планетата ни. В Русия се намират около 40% от познатите световни залежи. Русия добива в мините в Норилск, Сибир, както за своите нужди, така и за износ. Големи находища са намерени също в Австралия, Куба и Индонезия.

Скорошни проучвания откриха залежи в източна Турция, изключително благоприятни за производителите в Европа. Основано на геофизични доказателства се смята, че повечето от никела на земята е концентриран в земното ядро.

[редактиране] Добив

Никелът може да бъде набавен чрез екстрактната металургия. За повечето от рудите на никела се използват традиционни методи на металургията за производство на метал чрез пречистване.


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28 كوبالتنيكلنحاس
-

Ni

Pd

صفات عامة
الإسم, الرقم, الرمز نيكل, Ni, 28
سلاسل كيميائية فلز انتقاليs
المجموعة, الدورة, المستوى الفرعي d , 4 , 10
المظهر معدني، ذو بريق
كتلة ذرية 58.6934(2) g/mol
شكل إلكتروني [Ar] 3d8 4s2
عدد الإلكترونات لكل مستوى 2, 8, 16, 2
خواص فيزيائية
الحالة صلب
كثافة عندح.غ. 8.908 ج/سم³
كثافة السائل عند m.p. 7.81 ج/سم³
نقطة الإنصهار 1728 ك
1455 م °
2651 ف °
نقطة الغليان 3186 ك
2913 م °
5275 ف °
حرارة الإنصهار kJ/mol 17.48
حرارة التبخر kJ/mol 377.5
السعة الحرارية (25 26.07 C (م) ° ( J/(mol·K
ضغط البخار
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
الخواص الذرية
البنية البللورية وجه مكعّب موسطن
حالة التأكسد 2, 3
(أكسيد خفيف القاعدية)
سالبية كهربية 1.91 (مقياس باولنج)
طاقة التأين
(المزيد)
1st: 737.1 kJ/mol
2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol
3rd: 3395 kJ/mol
نصف قطر ذري 135 pm
نصف قطر ذري (حسابيا) 149 pm
نصف القطر التساهمي 121 pm
نصف قطر فان دير فال 163 pm
متفرقة
الترتيب المغناطيسي حديدي المغنطة
مقاومة كهربية 20 °C 69.3 nΩ·m
توصيل حراري (300 K ك ) 90.9
(W/(m·K)
تمدد حراري (25 °C) 13.4 µm/(m·K)
سرعة الصوت (قضيب رفيع) (ح.غ.) 4900 م/ث
معامل يونج 200 GPa
معامل القص 76 GPa
معاير الحجم 180 GPa
نسبة بواسون 0.31
صلابة موس 4.0
رقم فيكرز للصلادة 638 MPa
رقم برينل للصلادة 700 MPa
رقم التسجيل 7440-02-0
النظائر المهمة
المقالة الرئيسية: نظائر الالنيكل
نظ ت.ط. عمر النصف طر.إ. طا.إ. MeV ن.إ.
56Ni syn 6.075 d ε - 56Co
γ 0.158, 0.811 -
58Ni 68.077% Ni يكون ثابت وله 30 نيوترون
59Ni syn 76000 y ε - 59Co
60Ni 26.233% Ni يكون ثابت وله 32 نيوترون
61Ni 1.14% Ni يكون ثابت وله 33 نيوترون
62Ni 3.634% Ni يكون ثابت وله 34 نيوترون
63Ni syn 100.1 y β- 0.0669 63Cu
64Ni 0.926% Ni يكون ثابت وله 36 نيوترون
المراجع
تم الاسترجاع من


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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vanuit Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie.

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28 kobaltnikkelkoper
-

Ni

Pd

Algemeen
Naam, Simbool, Getal nikkel, Ni, 28
Chemiese reeks oorgangsmetale
Groep, Periode, Blok 10, 4, d
Voorkoms glansende metaal
Atoommassa 58.6934(2) g/mol
Elektronkonfigurasie [Ar] 3d8 4s2
Elektrone per skil 2, 8, 16, 2
Fisiese Eienskappe
Toestand vastestof
Digtheid (naby k.t.) 8.908 g/cm³
Vloeistof digtheid teen s.p. 7.81 g/cm³
Smeltpunt 1728 K
(1455 °C)
Kookpunt 3186 K
(2913 °C)
Smeltingswarmte 17.48 kJ/mol
Verdampingswarmte 377.5 kJ/mol
Warmtekapasiteit (25 °C) 26.07 J/(mol·K)
Dampdruk
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
teen T/K 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
Atoomeienskappe
Kristalstruktuur kubies vlakgesentreerd
Oksidasietoestande 2, 3
(swak basis oksied)
Elektronegatiwiteit 1.91 (Skaal van Pauling)
Ionisasie energieë
(meer)
1ste: 737.1 kJ/mol
2de: 1753.0 kJ/mol
3rde: 3395 kJ/mol
Atoomradius 135 pm
Atoomradius (ber.) 149 pm
Kovalente radius 121 pm
Van der Waals radius 163 pm
Diverse
Magnetiese rangskikking ferromagneties
Elektriese weerstand (20 °C) 69.3 nΩ·m
Termiese geleidingsvermoë (300 K) 90.9 W/(m·K)
Termiese uitsetting (25 °C) 13.4 µm/(m·K)
Spoed van klank (dun staaf) (k.t.) 4900 m/s
Young se modulus 200 GPa
Skuifmodulus 76 GPa
Massamodulus 180 GPa
Poissonverhouding 0.31
Mohs se hardheid 4.0
Vickers hardheid 638 MPa
Brinell hardheid 700 MPa
CAS-registernommer 7440-02-0
Vernaamste isotope
Hoofartikel: Isotope van nikkel
iso NV halfleeftyd VM VE (MeV) VP
56Ni sin 6.075 d ε - 56Co
γ 0.158, 0.811 -
58Ni 68.077% Ni is stabiel met 30 neutrone
59Ni sin 76000 j ε - 59Co
60Ni 26.233% Ni is stabiel met 32 neutrone
61Ni 1.14% Ni is stabiel met 33 neutrone
62Ni 3.634% Ni is stabiel met 34 neutrone
63Ni sin 100.1 j β- 0.0669 63Cu
64Ni 0.926% Ni is stabiel met 36 neutrone
Verwysings

Nikkel is 'n metaalagtige chemiese element in die periodieke tabel met die simbool Ni en atoomgetal van 28.

[wysig] Kenmerkende eienskappe

Nikkel is 'n silwerwit metaal wat 'n hoë glans aanneem wanneer dit gepoleer word. Dit behoort tot die ystergroep, is hard en smee- en pletbaar. Dit kom gewoonlik in verbinding met swael in milleriet, met arseen in die mineraal nikkoliet en met arseen sowel as swael in nikkelglans.

Vanweë sy duursaamheid in lug en sy weerstand tot oksidasie word Nikkel word gebruik vir kleiner muntstukke, die platering van yster en geelkoper ens., vir die vervaardiging van chemise apparatuur en in sekere legerings. Dit is magtenies en word dikwels saam met kobalt gevind. Beide hierdie materiale kom ook in meteorietiese yster voor. Die hoof gebruike van Nikkel is in legerings.

Die mees algemene oksidasietoestand van nikkel is +2, maar 0, +1 en +3 Nikkelkomplekse word ook aangetref.

[wysig] Aanwendings

Ongeveer 65 persent van die Nikkel wat in die Westerse Wêreld verbruik word, is in die vorm van austenietiese vlekvrye staal. 'n Verdere 12 persent word gebruik in superlegerings. Die oorblywende 23% van die verbruik word verdeel tussen legeringstaal, herlaaibare batterye, kataliste en ander chemikalieë, munte, gietery produkte en platering. Die grootste verbruiker van nikkel is Japan wat ongeveer 169 600 ton per jaar verbruik (2005).

Gebruike sluit in:


[wysig] Geskiedenis

Die gebruik van nikkel dateer reeds uit antieke tye en kan so ver as die jaar 3500 v.C. teruggespoor word. Bronse uit die hedendaagse Sirië het 'n nikkel inhoud van soveel as twee persent gehad. Daar bestaan verder ook Sjinese geskrifte wat aan die hand doen dat wit koper in die Ooste gebruik is tussen 1400 en 1700 v.C. Omdat die ertse van nikkel egter maklik verwar is met die ertse van silwer is dit nie moontlik om met sekerheid te kan sê tot watter mate dit in die antieke tye doelbewus gebruik is nie.

Minerale wat nikkel bevat (bv. kupfernikkel of vals koper) het waarde gehad in die groen kleur wat dit aan glas verleen het. In 1751 het Baron Axel Frederick Cronstedt probeer om koper uit kupfernikkel (nou nikkoliet genoem) te onttrek en het in plaas daarvan 'n wit metaal verkry wat hy nikkel genoem het.

Die eerste nikkel muntstuk van die suiwer metaal is in 1881 vervaardig.

[wysig] Biologiese rol

Baie maar nie alle hidrogenase bevat nikkel saam met yster-sulfaat komplekse. Nikkelkerne is 'n algemene element va hidrogenase waarvan die doel is om te oksideer eerder as om waterstof vry te stel. Die nikkelkern kom voor asof dit veranderinge in oksidasietoestand ondergaan en bewys is al voorgelê dat die nikkelkern dalk die aktiewe dele van hierdie ensieme is.

'n Nikkel-tetrapirrool koensiem, Co-F430, is teenwoordig in die metiel CoM reduktase en in metanogeniese bakterieë. Die tetrapirrool is 'n intermediêre struktuur tussen profirien en korrien. Veranderings in redokstoestand tesame met verandering in nikkel koördinasie, is onlangse waargeneem.

Daar is ook 'n nikkelbevattende koolstofmonoksied dehidrogenase. Min is bekend oor die struktuur van die nikkelkompleks. Uit onlangse studies op kuikens en rotte wil dit voorkom asof nikkel 'n noodsaaklike rol in korrekte lewerfunksie speel.

[wysig] Verspreiding

Die meerderheid nikkel wat gemyn word is afkomstig van twee soorte ertsneerslae. Die eerste is lateriete waar die hoofsaaklikste ertsminerale limoniet: (Fe,Ni)O(OH) en garnieriet ('n hidreerde nikkel silikaat): (Ni,Mg)3Si2O5(OH). Die tweede is magmatiese sulfiedneerslae waar die hoofertsmineraal pentlandiet: (Ni,Fe))9S8 is.

Die Sudbury omgewing van Ontario, Kanada vervaardig omtrent 30 persent van die wêreld se nikkelvoorsiening. Die Sudbury neerslag is geleë in 'n gebied waar daar bewyse is van 'n massiewe meteorietimpak tydens die vroeëre geologiese geskiedenis van die Aarde. Ander neerslae kan elders in Kanada gevind word asook in Rusland, New Caledonia, Australië, Kuba en Indonesië. Die neerslae in tropiese gebiede is tipies lateriete wat ontstaan het as gevolg van die intense verwering van vulkaniese rotse en die daaropvolgende konsentrasie van die nikkel bevattende oksied en silikaat minerale.

Op grond van geofisiese bewyse word daar gespekuleer dat die meeste nikkel op Aarde in die Aardkors gekonsentreer is.

[wysig] Ontginning en suiwering

Nikkel kan deur middel van ekstraktiewe metallurgie ontgin word. Oksiehidroksied ertse word hidrometallurgies behandel en sulfiedertse word pirometallurgies of hidrometallurgies behandel. Sulfiederts konsentrate word vervaardig deur van die skuimflotasie gebruik te maak.

Nikkel word vanuit sy ertse ontgin deur van konvensionele rooster en reduksieprosesse gebruik te maak wat 'n metaal van >95% suiwerheid oplewer. Finale suiwering tot >99.99% word bereik deur die Nikkel met koolstofmonoksied te laat reageer om Nikkelkarboniel te vorm. Die produk gas word in 'n groot verhitte kamer ingelaat waar derduisende klein nikkelsfere voortdurend in beweging gehou word. Die Nikkelkarboniel ontbind en slaan suiwer nikkel op die nikkelsfere neer. Die koolstofmonoksied wat vrygestel word, word dan weer hersirkuleer.

Die grootste nikkelprodusent is Rusland waar daar jaarliks ongeveer 267 000 ton nikkel ontgin word. Australië en Kanada is die tweede en derde grootste vervaardigers met 207 en 189.3 duisend ton per jaar respektiewelik.

[wysig] Verbindings

  • Kamasiet is 'n legering van yster en nikkel wat natuurlik voorkom. Gewoonlik in die verhoudings 90:10 tot 95:5, daar kan egter ander onsuiwerhede soos kobalt en koolstof ook teenwoordig wees. Kamasiet kom voor in nikkel-yster legerings.

[wysig] Isotope

Nikkel in die natuur bestaan uit 5 stabiele isotope; 58-Ni, 60-Ni, 61-Ni, 62-Ni en 64-Ni met 58-Ni wat die meeste voorkom (68.077%). 18 radio-isotope is al geëien met die mees stabiele daarvan 59-Ni met 'n halfleeftyd van 76 000 jaar, 63-Ni met 'n halfleeftyd van 100.1 jaar en 56-Ni met 'n halfleeftyd van 6.077 dae. Al die oorblywende radio-aktiewe isotope het halfleeftye van minder as 60 uur en die oorgrote meerderheid daarvan het halfleeftye van minder as 30 sekondes. Hierdie element het ook 1 meta-toestand.

Nikkel-56 word in groot hoeveelhede in tipe Ia Supernovas gevorm. Die vorm van die ligkurwe van hierdie supernovas stem ooreen met die verval van nikkel-56 na kobalt-56 en daarna na yster-56.

Nikkel-59 is 'n langlewende kosmogeniese radionuklied met 'n halfleeftyd van 76 000 jaar. 59Ni vind baie toepassings in isotoopgeologie. 59Ni is al gebruik om die die aardouderdom van meteoriete te bepaal en om die natuurlike verspreiding van elemente in buiteruimse stof, ys en sediment te bepaal. Nikkel-60 is die dogterproduk van die uitgestorwe radionuklied 60Fe (halfleeftyd = 1.5 Miljoer jaar). Omdat die uitgestorwe radionuklied 60Fe so 'n lang halfleeftyd het, sou die teenwoordigheid daarvan in die materiale van die sonnestelsel teen konsentrasies wat hoog genoeg is, waarneembare variasies in die isotoopsamestelling van 60Ni gehad het. Die natuurlike verspreiding van 60Ni in buiteruimse materiaal mag dus dalk heelwat insig verskaf tot die ontstaan van die sonnestelsel en die vroeëre geskiedenis daarvan.

Die isotope van Nikkel wissel in atoommassa van 48 ame (48Ni) tot 78 ame (78Ni). Nikkel-78 se halfleeftyd was onlangs gemeet as 110 millisekondes en daar word geglo dat dit 'n belangrike isotoop is betrokke by supernova nukleosintese van elemente swaarder as yster.[1]

[wysig] Voorsorgmaatreëls

Blootstelling aan nikkelmetaal en oplosbare verbindings daarvan behoort nie 0.05 mg/cm³ in nikkelekwivalente per 40 uur week te oorskry nie. Daar word vermoed dat Nikkelsulfied-damp en -stof kankerwekkend kan wees asook 'n verskeidenheid ander nikkelverbindings.

Nikkelkarboniel, [Ni(CO)4], is 'n uiters giftige gas. Die toksisiteit van metaalkarboniele is 'n funksie van die giftigheid van 'n metaal asook die karboniel se vermoë om baie giftige koolstofmonoksiedgas af te gee. Dit is ook plofbaar in lug.

Sensitiewe indiwidue mag allergiese reaksies toon wanneer die metaal met hul vel in aanraking kom. Die hoeveelheid nikkel in produkte wat met die menslike vel in aanraking kom word deur die Europese Unie gereguleer.

[wysig] Verwysings

[wysig] Notas

  • Produksie en verbruiksyfers is afkomstig van, The Economist: Pocket World in Figures 2005, Profile Books (2005), ISBN 1-86197-799-9

[wysig] Eksterne skakel


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

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