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من ويكيبيديا ، الموسوعة الحرة

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27 حديدكوبالتنيكل
-

Co

Rh

صفات عامة
الإسم, الرقم, الرمز كوبالت, Co, 27
سلاسل كيميائية فلز انتقالي
المجموعة, الدورة, المستوى الفرعي d , 4 , 9
المظهر معدني، بمسحة رمادية
كتلة ذرية 58.933195(5) g/mol
شكل إلكتروني [Ar] 3d7 4s2
عدد الإلكترونات لكل مستوى 2, 8, 15, 2
خواص فيزيائية
كثافة عندح.غ. 8.90 ج/سم³
كثافة السائل عند m.p. 7.75 ج/سم³
نقطة الإنصهار 1768 ك
1495 م °
2723 ف °
نقطة الغليان 3200 ك
2927 م °
5301 ف °
حرارة الإنصهار kJ/mol 16.06
حرارة التبخر kJ/mol 377
السعة الحرارية (25 24.81 C (م) ° ( J/(mol·K
ضغط البخار
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198
الخواص الذرية
البنية البللورية سداسية
حالة التأكسد 2, 3
(أكسيد مذبذب)
سالبية كهربية 1.88 (مقياس باولنج)
طاقة التأين
(المزيد)
1st: 760.4 kJ/mol
2nd: 1648 kJ/mol
3rd: 3232 kJ/mol
نصف قطر ذري 135 pm
نصف قطر ذري (حسابيا) 152 pm
نصف القطر التساهمي 126 pm
متفرقة
مقاومة كهربية 20 °C 62.4 nΩ·m
توصيل حراري (300 K ك ) 100
(W/(m·K)
تمدد حراري (25 °C) 13.0 µm/(m·K)
سرعة الصوت (قضيب رفيع) (20 °م) 4720 m/s
معامل يونج 209 GPa
معامل القص 75 GPa
معاير الحجم 180 GPa
نسبة بواسون 0.31
صلابة موس 5.0
رقم فيكرز للصلادة 1043 MPa
رقم برينل للصلادة 700 MPa
رقم التسجيل 7440-48-4
النظائر المهمة
المقالة الرئيسية: نظائر الالكوبالت
نظ ت.ط. عمر النصف طر.إ. طا.إ. MeV ن.إ.
56Co syn 77.27 d ε 4.566 56Fe
57Co syn 271.79 d ε 0.836 57Fe
58Co syn 70.86 d ε 2.307 58Fe
59Co 100% Co يكون ثابت وله 32 نيوترون
60Co syn 5.2714 سنين β- 2.824 60Ni
المراجع

الكوبالت عنصر من عناصر الجدول الدوري. ورمزه كو Co، ورقمه الذري 27.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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vanuit Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie.

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27 ysterkobaltnikkel
-

Co

Rh

Algemeen
Naam, Simbool, Getal kobalt, Co, 27
Chemiese reeks oorgangsmetale
Groep, Periode, Blok 9, 4, d
Voorkoms metaalglans met grys tint
Atoommassa 58.933200(9) g/mol
Elektronkonfigurasie [Ar] 3d7 4s2
Elektrone per skil 2, 8, 15, 2
Fisiese Eienskappe
Digtheid (naby k.t.) 8.90 g/cm³
Vloeistof digtheid teen s.p. 7.75 g/cm³
Smeltpunt 1768 K
(1495 °C)
Kookpunt 3200 K
(2927 °C)
Smeltingswarmte 16.06 kJ/mol
Verdampingswarmte 377 kJ/mol
Warmtekapasiteit (25 °C) 24.81 J/(mol·K)
Dampdruk
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
teen T/K 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198
Atoomeienskappe
Kristalstruktuur heksagonaal
Oksidasietoestande 2, 3
(amfoteriese oksied)
Elektronegatiwiteit 1.88 (Skaal van Pauling)
Ionisasie energieë
(meer)
1ste: 760.4 kJ/mol
2de: 1648 kJ/mol
3rde: 3232 kJ/mol
Atoomradius 135 pm
Atoomradius (ber.) 152 pm
Kovalente radius 126]] pm
Diverse
Elektriese weerstand (20 °C) 62.4 nΩ·m
Termiese geleidingsvermoë (300 K) 100 W/(m·K)
Termiese uitsetting (25 °C) 13.0 µm/(m·K)
Spoed van klank (dun staaf) (20 °C) 4720 m/s
Young se modulus 209 GPa
Skuifmodulus 75 GPa
Massamodulus 180 GPa
Poissonverhouding 0.31
Mohs se hardheid 5.0
Vickers hardheid 1043 MPa
Brinell hardheid 700 MPa
CAS-registernommer 7440-48-4
Vernaamste isotope
Hoofartikel: Isotope van kobalt
iso NV halfleeftyd VM VE (MeV) VP
56Co sin 77.27 d ε 4.566 56Fe
57Co sin 271.79 d ε 0.836 57Fe
58Co sin 70.86 d ε 2.307 58Fe
59Co 100% Co is stabiel met 32 neutrone
60Co sin 5.2714 jaar β- 2.824 60Ni
Verwysings

Kobalt is 'n chemiese element in die periodieke tabel met die simbool Co en atoomgetal van 27.

[wysig] Kenmerkende eienskappe

Kobalt is 'n harde ferromagnetiese silwerwit element. Die Curie-temperatuur is 1388 K met 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetone per atoom. Dit word dikwels saam met nikkel gevind en beide hierdie elemente is kenmerkende elemente in meteoritiese yster. Soogdiere vereis klein hoeveelhede kobaltsoute in hul dieet. Kobalt-60 is 'n kunsmatig vervaardigde radio-aktiewe isotoop van kobalt en is 'n belangrike radio-aktiewe spoorder en middel vir die behandeling van kanker. Kobalt het 'n relatiewe deurdringbaarheid gelyk aan twee derdes dié van yster. Metalliese kobalt verteenwoordig 'n mengsel van twee kristallografiese strukture, heksagonaal diggepak en kubies vlakgesentreerd met 'n oorgangstemperatuur tussen die kristalstrukture van 722 K.

Algemene oksidasietoestande van kobalt is +2 en +3, +1 is egter ook al waargeneem.

[wysig] Aanwendings

60Co is 'n nuttige bron van gammastrale deels omdat dit in bepaalde klein hoeveelhede en op groot maat vervaardig kan word deur natuurlie kobalt eenvoudig aan neutrone in 'n reaktor bloot te stel vir 'n gegewe tyd.

[wysig] Geneeskundige gebruike

Kobalt-60 is 'n radio-aktiewe metaal wat gebruik word in radioterapie. Dit straal twee soorte gammastrale uit met energieë van 1.17 MeV en 1.33 MeV. Die 60Co bron is ongeveer 2 cm in deursnee en produseer gevolglik 'n geometriese penumbra, wat die grens van die stalingsveld vaag maak. Die metaal verpoeier ongelukkig maklik tot 'n fyn stof wat probleme veroorsaak met die beveiliging teen straling. Die 60Co bron is nuttig vir ongeveer 5 jaar maar is selfs hierna steeds baie radio-aktief, wat veroorsaak het dat 60Co masjiene deesdae baie minder gewild is in die Westerse wêreld waar partiekelversnellers meer algemeen voorkom. Die eerste 60Co terapie masjien (die "kobaltbom") is in Kanada gebou en gebruik. Hierdie masjien kan besigtig word by die Saskatoon Kankernavorsingsentrum besigtig word waar dit in die voorportaal uitgestal word.

[wysig] Geskiedenis

Kobaltblou glas

Kobaltblou glas

Kobalt se verbindings is al sedert antieke tye bekend, waar dit gebruik was om glas 'n diep blou te kleur.

Die ontdekking van kobalt word aan George Barndt (1694-1768) toegeskryf. Die presiese datum van die ontdekking wissel volgens bron maar dit was iewers tussen 1730 en 1737 gewees. Dit was vir hom moontlik om te wys dat kobalt die bron was van die blou kleur in glase waar die kleur voorheen toegeskryf was aan bismut wat saam met die kobalt voorgekom het.

Gedurende die 19de eeu, is kobaltblou by die Norweegse Blaafarveværket (Bykans 70-80% van wêreldproduksie), geproduseer onder leiding van die Pruisiese nyweraar Benjamin Wegner.

In 1938 het John Liningood en Glenn Seaborg kobalt-60 ontdek.

Die woord kobalt is afkomstig van die Duitse woord kobold, wat bose gees beteken, so genoem deur die myners vanweë sy giftigheid en probleme wat dit veroorsaak het (dit het die ander ontginde minerale, soos Nikkel, besoedel). Ander dink weer die naam kom uit die oorspronklike Griekse woord kobalos wat 'myn' beteken.

[wysig] Biologiese rol

Kobalt is in klein hoeveelhede noodsaaklike vir vele lewende organismes, insluitende die mens. 'n Konsentrasie van 0.13 tot 0.3 mg/kg kobalt in die grond het 'n opmerklike invloed op die gesondheid van weidiere. Kobalt is ook die sleutelkomponent van die vitamien kobalamien of dan vitamien B-12.

[wysig] Verspreiding

Kobalterts

Kobalterts

Kobalt kom nie in die natuur in vrye metaalvorm voor nie. Kobalt word gewoonlik ook nie alleen gemyn nie en is geneig om as byproduk van nikkel en koper ontgin te word. Die hoofertse van kobalt is kobaltiet, eritriet, gloukodot en skutterudiet. Die wêreld se grootste vervaardigers van kobalt is die DRK, Sjina, Zambië, Rusland en Australië.

[wysig] Verbindings

As gevolg van die vele oksidasie toestande is daar 'n oorvloedige aantal verbindings. Oksiede is antiferromagneties teen lae temperature CoO (Néeltemperatuur: 291 K) en Co3O4 (Néeltemperatuur: 40 K).

[wysig] Isotope

Kobalt kom in die natuur in een stabiele isotoop voor, naamlik 59Co. 22 Radio-isotope is geëien met die mees stabiele hiervan 60Co met 'n halfleeftyd van 5.2714 jaar, 57Co met 'n halfleeftyd van 271.79 dae en 56Co met 'n halfleeftyd van 77.27 dae en 58Co met 'n halfleeftyd van 70.86 dae. Die oorblywende radio-aktiewe isotope het halfleeftye wat minder is as 18 ure en die meerderheid van hierdies se halfleeftye is korter as 'n sekonde. Hierdie element het ook 4 metatoestande, waarvan almal 'n halfleeftyd van korter as 15 minute het.

Die isotope van kobalt se atoommassas wissel tussen 50 ame (50Co) tot 73 ame (73Co). Die primêre vervalmodus voor die mees algemene isotoop, 59Co, is elektronvangs en die primêre modus daarna is betaverval. Die primêre vervalprodukte voor 59Co is element 26 (yster) isotope en die primêre produkte daarna is isotope van element 28 (nikkel).

[wysig] Voorsorgmaatreëls

Verpoeierde kobalt in sy metaalvorm verteenwoordig 'n brandgevaar. Kobaltverbindings moet met omsigtigheid gehanteer word vanweë kobalt se effense toksisiteit.

Kobalt-60 is 'n sterk gamma-straler en blootstelling aan 60Co verteenwoordig 'n kankergevaar. Inname van 60Co sal lei tot die opneem van van die kobalt in die weefsels wat daarna baie stadig weer vrygestel word. Kobalt-60 is 'n risiko faktor tydens kernontploffings aangesien neutronstralings yster in hierdie isotoop kan omsit. Sommige kernwapens is doelbewus ontwerp om die hoeveelheid Kobalt-60 wat versprei word te verhoog; dit word ook soms in engels na verwys as 'n dirty bomb of kobaltbom. Die gevare in vredestyd behels die onverskillige hantering daarvan of diefstal uit mediese radioterapeutiese eenhede.

[wysig] Verwysings

[wysig] Eksterne skakels


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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鈷的特性
- -



總體特性
名稱, 符號, 序號 鈷、Co、27
系列 過渡金屬
, 周期, 元素分區 9族, 4, d
密度硬度 8900 kg/m3、5.0
顏色和外表 金屬光澤,淡灰色
地殼含量 無數據
原子屬性
原子量 58.933195(5) 原子量單位
原子半徑 (計算值) 135(152)pm
共價半徑 126 pm
范德華半徑 無數據
價電子排布 []3d74s2
電子在每能級的排布 2,8,15,2
氧化價(氧化物) 2,3(兩性的)
晶體結構 六角形,在421°C過渡至面心立方
物理屬性
物質狀態 固態具磁性
熔點 1768 K(1495 °C
沸點 3200 K(2927 °C)
摩爾體積 6.67×10-6m3/mol
汽化熱 376.5 kJ/mol
熔化熱 16.19 kJ/mol
蒸氣壓 175 (1768K)
聲速 4720 m/s(293.15K)
其他性質
電負性 1.88(鮑林標度
比熱 420 J/(kg·K)
電導率 17.2×106/(米歐姆)
熱導率 100 W/(m·K)
第一電離能 760.4 kJ/mol
第二電離能 1648 kJ/mol
第三電離能 3232 kJ/mol
第四電離能 4950 kJ/mol
最穩定的同位素
同位素 豐度 半衰期 衰變模式 衰變能量
MeV
衰變產物
56Co 人造 77.27天 電子捕獲 4.566 56Fe
57Co 人造 271.79天 電子捕獲 0.836 57Fe
58Co 人造 70.86天 電子捕獲 2.307 58Fe
59Co 100 % 穩定
60Co 人造 5.2714年 β衰變 2.824 60Ni
在沒有特別注明的情況下使用的是
國際標準基準單位單位和標準氣溫和氣壓

是化學元素之一,化學符號Co原子序數為27,淡灰色,屬過渡金屬,具磁性

鈷的西文名稱(法文英文:cobalt;德文:Kobalt)來自德文Kobold,意為「壞精靈」,因為鈷礦有毒,礦工、冶煉者常在工作時染病,鈷還會污染別的金屬,這些不良效果過去都被看作精靈的惡作劇。


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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Örlogsfartyg, vanligtvis även kallat krigsfartyg, fartyg tillhöriga en stats försvarsmakt, och avsedda för militära ändamål, ofta bestyckade med fartygsartilleri, fartygsluftvärn, robotar, sjunkbomber, torpeder och liknande vapen, med kapacitet för bekämpning av andra fartyg, flygplan, militära installationer på land e.dyl.

Örlogsfartyg för örlogsflagga (i Sverige en tretungad svensk flagga).

Klassificering av örlogsfartyg [redigera]

Klassificeringen av örlogsfartyg har ändrats med tiden och kan även variera från nation till nation. Följande klassificering används av den amerikanska flottan.

  • Hangarfartyg - fartyg som fungerar som mobila sjöfarande flygfält och som konstruerats med den huvudsakliga funktionen att utföra stridsuppgifter med flygplan mot luft-, yt-, undervattens- och kustmål.
  • Ubåtar - självdrivna undervattensgående fartyg, oavsett ifall dessa används som stridsfartyg, hjälpfartyg eller forsknings och utvecklingsfarkoster som åtminstone har en begränsad stridsmöjlighet.
  • Patrullfartyg - stridsfartyg, vars uppdrag kan bestå av, men int enbart begränsas av kustbevakningsuppgifter och vars egenskaper inkluderar tillräckliga sjögående egenskaper för att tillåta 48-timmars uppdrag på öppet have, utan stöd.
  • Amfibiestridsfartyg - fartyg med organiska egenskaper för landstigningsuppdrag och som kan utföra långa uppdrag på de öppna haven.
  • Stridslogistikfartyg - fartyg som har möjlighet att tillhandahålla påfyllning för flottenheter.
  • Minkrigföringsfartyg - fartyg, vars primära funktion är minkrigföring på öppet hav.
  • Kustförsvarsfartyg - fartyg, vars primära funktion är kustpatrullering och att vid behov förhindra att övriga fartyg överskrider sjöterritoriegränser.
  • Mobila logistikfartyg - fartyg som har kapabilitet att tillhandahålla direkta materialpåfyllningar till andra fartyg som opererar långt från sin hemmabas.
  • Understödsfartyg - fartyg som har konstruerats för att operera i öppen sjö med varierande sjögång för att tillhandahålla allmänt understöd till antingen stridande styrkor eller kustbaserade anläggingar. (Inkluderar mindre hjälpfartyg, som lämnar kustnära vatten på grund av sina uppdrag).
  • Underhållsfartyg - flottunderordnade farkoster (inklusive icke-självdrivna) som konstruerats för att tillhandahålla allmänt underhåll till antingen stridande styrkor eller kustbaserade anläggningar.


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

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Bojna skupina različnih vojnih ladij

Bojna skupina različnih vojnih ladij

Vojne ladje so vojaške ladje, ki so oborožene, namenjene pomorskemu bojevanju in s posadko, ki jo sestavljajo vojaške osebe. Vojne ladje predstavljajo najpomembnejši del vojaških ladij.

Tako so vojne ladje grajene popolnoma drugače kot trgovske ladje. Poleg oborožitve so zgrajene tako, da lahko vzdržijo več poškodb, so hitrejše in bolj okretne. Za razliko od trgovskih ladij, vojne ladje ponavadi nosijo le orožje, strelivo, vojaško opremo in oskrbo za posadko; trgovske ladje pa primarno nosijo tovor. Vojne ladje so ponavadi v lasti vojne mornarice, včasih pa so bile v lasti posameznikov oz. podjetij.

V vojnem času je razlika med vojnimi in trgovskimi ladjami majhna. Tako so lahko trgovske ladje oborožene in uporabljene kot pomožne vojne ladje. Do 17. stoletja je bilo običajno, da so v primeru oboroženega konflikta oborožili trgovske ladje in jih uporabljali za bojevanje. Z razvojem tehnologije pa so se razlike med vojnimi in trgovskimi ladjami vse bolj povečevale, tako da jih kmalu ni bilo možno uporabljati za eno ali drugo nalogo.

[uredi] Zgodovina

[uredi] Tipi sodobnih vojnih ladij

[uredi] Tipi vojnih ladij svetovnih vojn


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Navio de guerra é a designação de qualquer tipo de embarcação, fluvial ou marítima, para utilização em combate.

[editar] História

As mesmas embarcações utilizadas para transporte pelo homem primitivo – como balsas ou canoas, feitas com peles de animais – podem ter sido empregadas durante as guerras tribais. À medida que as civilizações vão se desenvolvendo, naus maiores são construídas e surgem navios de guerra especializados, distintos daqueles usados para comércio. Os primeiros navios egípcios são galeras movidas por cerca de 20 remadores, segundo os mais antigos retratos disponíveis, de cerca de 3000 a.C. Também podem ser equipados com velas. Não há ainda um leme, mas sim um remo maior para dar a direção.

Esses dois meios de propulsão (a força humana e a vela) coexistem por muito tempo, mas o aperfeiçoamento dos veleiros gradualmente elimina os navios a remo, durante a Idade Moderna (1453-1789). A vela tem a desvantagem de não poder ser usada em tempo calmo; já os navios a remo não podem ser utilizados em mares revoltos. Os navios de guerra da região do Mediterrâneo empregam a vela para longos trajetos, mas combatem em águas costeiras impelidos por remadores. Dois métodos de combate ditam a evolução das embarcações de guerra. Um esporão colocado na proa é usado para afundar a nave inimiga por abalroamento; e tropas podem ser transportadas para tomar o navio inimigo por abordagem. Os gregos preservam sua independência ao derrotar os persas em uma importante batalha naval, Salamina (480 a.C.), valendo-se de navios a remo com duas ou três fileiras de remadores (birremes e trirremes). Um navio grego tem em média 200 tripulantes, a maioria, remadores.

Os grandes navegadores da Antiguidade são os fenícios, cujas naves movidas a vela e com cascos bojudos podem transportar mais carga que as galeras. Os Cartago herdam dos fenícios sua tradição naval, e a princípio impõem derrotas aos romanos durante as chamadas Guerras Púnicas (264 a.C.-146 a.C.). Roma, uma potência terrestre, leva a guerra da terra ao mar, adotando como tática preferencial a abordagem do inimigo. Alguns navios romanos levam catapultas a bordo. Os vikings também desenvolvem navios eficientes para navegação em alto-mar.

No Oriente, o junco chinês é desenvolvido como um navio com estrutura resistente, apesar de não ter características importantes típicas dos navios ocidentais – como a quilha, espécie de coluna vertebral do navio na parte de baixo do casco. Juncos chineses navegam por boa parte dos oceanos Índico e Pacífico e um almirante chinês pode perfeitamente, do ponto de vista técnico, ter descoberto a América antes de Cristóvão Colombo .

[editar] Grandes navegações

A navegação, na Idade Média sem o estímulo do comércio, pouco evolui. Os navios sofrem poucas modificações desde a era greco-romana, embora entre os aperfeiçoamentos importantes esteja a disseminação do uso do leme. Com a Renascença começa a idade de ouro dos veleiros. A caravela portuguesa é um dos primeiros exemplos de um navio pequeno, mas altamente confiável para viagens oceânicas, que permite o início da expansão marítima e a descoberta do resto do mundo pelos europeus.

O uso da pólvora e de canhões de carregar pela boca, inicialmente com balas de pedra e posteriormente de metal, dá um grande estímulo à expansão européia no século XV. Frotas pequenas, como a portuguesa, podem dominar o Oceano Índico, enfrentando os veleiros locais menos desenvolvidos. O aperfeiçoamento dessas embarcações, dos séculos XVI ao XIX, leva a navios com quatro ou cinco mastros, armados com baterias de canhões nos bordos. Alguns deles chegam a ter mais de cem canhões. Um exemplo, preservado em Portsmouth, Inglaterra, é a nau Victory, usada pelo almirante inglês Horatio Nelson para derrotar uma frota franco-espanhola na Batalha de Trafalgar, em 1805. Com 56,7 m de comprimento e 15,9 m de largura, a Victory desloca 2.197 toneladas e carrega cem canhões.

O desenvolvimento da propulsão a vapor, de canhões capazes de disparar granadas explosivas e da construção de blindagem em ferro e aço revolucionam a guerra naval. A mudança se dá de modo gradual. As grandes naus são a princípio adaptadas para ter propulsão mista, vela e vapor. Os primeiros vapores usam rodas de pá nos bordos, que impedem a colocação de uma bateria completa de canhões. A hélice, além de mais eficaz, faz desaparecer esse problema. Blindagem de ferro – Os primeiros navios “encouraçados” (ou couraçados) com placas de ferro são empregados para atacar fortalezas, em resposta à vulnerabilidade dos navios de madeira, altamente incendiáveis. Naus blindadas são usadas nas guerras da Criméia (1853 a 1856), de Secessão norte-americana (1861-1865) e na do Paraguai (1865-1870). O primeiro combate entre dois couraçados, o USS Monitor do governo norte-americano e o CSS Virginia (ex- USS Merrimack) dos rebeldes confederados, termina em empate, pois nenhum dos canhões em ação consegue furar a blindagem do adversário. O Monitor torna-se célebre a ponto de dar nome a uma classe de pequenos encouraçados, os monitores, navios geralmente incapazes de operar em alto-mar.

[editar] Navios do séc XIX

Navios brasileiros couraçados são projetados para atacar as fortes defesas paraguaias em Humaitá, no Rio Paraguai. Na segunda metade do século XIX surgem os navios blindados capazes de travessias oceânicas, como o pioneiro britânico Warrior, preservado hoje ao lado da nau Victory.

A colocação de canhões mais pesados em torres substitui as longas baterias no bordo dos navios. A invenção do torpedo leva à criação de um navio especializado, o torpedeiro, capaz de afundar um navio maior com sua arma poderosa. No início do século XX a especialização dos navios prossegue: surgem couraçados maiores e mais rápidos (dreadnoughts), novos cruzadores para navegar na frente das frotas de batalha e proteger comboios de navios mercantes (ou atacar os do inimigo), além da réplica dos torpedeiros, os contratorpedeiros ou destróieres (do original inglês “torpedo-boat destroyer”).

[editar] Submarinos

Submarino alemão U-9.

Submarino alemão U-9.

A criação do submarino dá uma nova dimensão à guerra naval. Submarinos alemães quase derrotam, sozinhos, o Reino Unido durante as duas guerras mundiais. Na 1ª Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) o couraçado vive seu auge; já na 2ª Guerra Mundial (1939-1945), ele é destronado pelo porta-aviões, cujos aviões alcançam distâncias bem maiores que os canhões do couraçado: centenas de quilômetros contra cerca de 40 quilômetros.

A propulsão nuclear torna os navios independentes de reabastecimento de combustível e cria o submarino completo, talvez a mais letal arma naval da atualidade. Os modelos convencionais, ou diesel-elétricos, precisam de ar para o uso de seus motores diesel, que carregam as baterias elétricas. Com o submarino nuclear, tal necessidade torna-se totalmente dispensável.

[editar] Ver também


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

Okręt - jednostka pływająca pod banderą wojenną, należąca do wojska i obsadzona przez załogę pozostającą w stosunku służby wojskowej - żołnierzy, określana także czasem nieprawidłowo jako okręt wojenny.

Mianem "okręt" błędnie niektórzy określają też duży statek morski. Jednostki cywilne nazywa się statkami w przeciwieństwie do okrętów będących jednostkami militarnymi. Istnieje jednak wiele terminów, w których pochodna wyrazu okręt odnosi się zarówno do statków i okrętów, lub też tylko do statków, np. budowa okrętów oznacza kierunek studiów politechnicznych dotyczących budowy zarówno statków, jak i okrętów, lub też chłopiec okrętowy - uczeń, kandydat lub praktykant na marynarza.

Podstawowe klasy okrętów [edytuj]

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Klasy okrętów [edytuj]

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Zobacz w Wikicytatach kolekcję cytatów
dotyczących okrętów


BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 TEL:+886 4 24710048 / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy usersdemand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolCarbide end millAerospace cutting toolCarbide drillHigh speed steelMilling cutterCore drillTapered end millsMetric end millsMiniature end millsPilot reamerElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterNAS toolDIN toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

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