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加工效率與精度是金屬加工領域追求的永恆目標。隨著數控技術、計算機技術、機床技術以及加工工藝技 術的不斷發展,傳統的加工理念已不能滿足人們對加工速度、效率和精度的要求。在這樣的背景下,複合加 工技術應運而生。一般來說,複合加工是指在一台加工設備上能夠完成不同工序或者不同工藝方法的加工 技術的總稱。目前的複合加工技術主要表現為2 種不同的類型,一種是以能量或運動方式為基礎的不同加工方法的複合;另一種是以工序集中原則為基礎的、以機械加工工藝為主的複合,車銑複合加工是近年來該 領域發展最為迅速的加工方式之一。

 目前的航空產品零件突出表現為多品種小批量、工藝過程複雜,並且廣泛採用整體薄壁結構和難加工材 料, 因此製造過程中普遍存在製造週期長、材料切除量大、加 工效率低以及加工變形嚴重等瓶頸。為了提高航空複雜產品的加工效率和加工精度,工藝人員一直在尋求 更為高效精密的加工工藝方法。車銑複合加工設備的出現為提高航空零件的加工精度和效率提供了一種有 效解決方案。

與常規數控加工工藝相比,複合加工具有的突出優勢主要表現在以下幾個方面。

 (1)縮短產品製造工藝鏈,提高生產效率。

車銑複合加工可以實現一次裝卡完成全部或者大部分加工工序,從而大大縮短產品製造工藝鏈。這樣一方 面減少了由於裝卡改變導致的生產輔助時間,同時也減少了工裝卡具製造週期和等待時間,能夠顯著提高生產效率。

(2)減少裝夾次數,提高加工精度。

 裝卡次數的減少避免了由於定位基準轉化而導致的誤差積累。同時,目前的車銑複合加工設備大都具有在 線檢測的功能,可以實現製造過程關鍵數據的在位檢測和精度控制,從而提高產品的加工精度。

(3)減少佔地面積,降低生產成本。

u 雖然車銑複合加工設備的單台價格比較高,但由於製造工藝鏈的縮短和產品所需設備的減少,以及工裝夾具數量、車間佔地面積和設備維護費用的減少,能夠有效降 低總體固定資產的投資、生產運作和管理的成本。

 複合加工的關鍵技術

 儘 管複合加工具有常規單一加工無法比擬的優勢,但實際上目前在航空製造領域裡車銑複合加工的利用率並未得到充分發 揮。其關鍵原因在於車銑複合加工在航空製造領域的應用時間還比較短,適用於航空零件結構工藝特性的 車銑複合加工工藝、數控編程技術、後置處理以及仿真技術尚處於摸索階段。為了充分發揮車銑複合加工 設備的效能,提高產品的加工效率和精度,必須全面攻克和解決上述關鍵基礎,並實現集成化應用。

1 車銑複合加工的工藝技術

 與常規加工設備不同的是,一台車銑複合加工中心實際上相當於一條生產線。如何根據零件工藝特性和車 銑複合加工的工藝特點制定合理的工藝路線、裝卡方法和選用合理的刀具是實現高效精密加工的關鍵。

 工 序集中是複合加工最為鮮明的工藝特點。因此,科學合理的工藝路線是提高車銑複合加工效率和精度的 關鍵因素。以圖1 所示瑞士寶美公司的S192F 銑車複合加工中心為例,該機床具有五軸銑、車削、鏜削、鑽孔、鋸斷以及自動進料等功能,採用FANUC 31i 數控系統,具有刀矢平滑、超強前瞻、高速插補等功能,特別適合軸類、迴轉類等零件的高速精密加工。在航空葉輪加工中,該加工中心具有突出的優勢。當採用棒 料作為葉輪毛坯時,常規的葉輪加工工藝路線 首先利用數控車床車削葉輪外部輪廓,然後精車加工基準;在此基礎上利用五軸數控加工中心進行開槽、粗加工、半精加工以及型面和輪轂的精加工;最後在五軸加 工中心或鑽孔設備上進行孔加工。而採用S192F 銑車加工中心不僅可以通過一次裝卡完成上述工藝的全部加工,而且當採用棒料進行加工時還可以通過鋸斷、自動送料等功能實現葉輪的批量加工,整個過程無需人 工干預可以全部自動完成。其工藝路線的設置可採用如下方式:主軸裝卡棒料→粗車葉輪外部輪廓→精車 外部輪廓→五軸銑削開槽→流道粗加工→流道半精加工→流道精加工→鑽孔→背主軸裝卡→車削葉輪底部平面→鑽 孔。可以看出,一次裝卡即完成全部葉輪加工工序,加工效率及精度可以得到大幅提高。

 

 

 對於具 有雙刀架的車銑加工中心(如圖2 所示奧地利的WFL 車銑複合加工中心),雙刀塔的設備都具有雙通道的控制系統,上下刀架可單獨控制,同步加工可以通過代碼中的同步語句來實 現。為充分發揮設備的加工能力,可以在加工條件允許的前提下,通過雙刀架的同步操作實現零件的多個 工序同時加工。可以通過上下刀架的同步設置,在粗車外形的同時完成內孔的粗鏜加工,從而進一步提高 加工效率。通過上下刀架的同步運動,完成一系列孔的加工,不僅提高了加工的效率,同時還可以通過鑽 孔軸向力的相互抵消來減少工件變形的影響。為實現這種功能,需要在前期工藝設計的時候對工藝方案進 行系統深入的研究,確定工藝路線的串行和並行順序,並通過對加工程序的合理組合實現上述功能。

 

 

2 車銑複合加工的數控編程技術

 車 銑複合加工技術的發展,也對數控編程技術提出了更高的要求,這也是製約車銑複合加工設備在實際生產應用中的一個瓶頸環 節。由於車銑複合加工投入實際生產的應用時間較短,在沒有專業的複合加工解決方案的情況下,通常是 利用通用CAM 軟件規劃出部分加工程序,然後工藝人員再對程序進行手工整合,以滿足複合加工機床對加工程序的要 求。這種解決方法對工藝人員的要求非常高。與傳統的數控編程技術相比,車銑複合加工的程序編制難點主要體現在以下幾個方面。

 (1)工藝種 類繁雜。對於工藝人員來說,不僅要能掌握數控車削、多軸銑削、鑽孔等多種加工方式的編 程方法,而且對於工序間的銜接與進退刀方式需要準確界定。因此在進行數控編程時,需要對當前工序加 工完成後的工序模型和加工餘量的分佈有直觀的認識,以便於下一道工序的程序編制和進退刀的設置。

 (2)程序編制過程中的串並行順序的確定 必須嚴格按照工藝路線確定。許多零件在車銑複合加工中心上 加工時可實現從毛料到成品的完整加工,因此加工程序的編制結果必須同工藝路線保持一致。同時,對於 多通道並行加工也需要在數控加工程序編制的過程中進行綜合考慮。可見,為實現高效的複合加工應該發 展工藝- 編程- 仿真一體化的工藝解決方案。

 (3) 對於車銑複合加工的某些功能,目前的通用CAM 軟件尚不支持。與常規單台設備加工相比,車銑複合加工具備的機床運動和加工功能要復雜的多,目前的 通用CAM 軟件尚不足以完全支持這些先進功能的程序編制,如在線測量、鋸斷、自動送料、尾座控制等。因此,利 用通用CAM 軟件編制出來的程序仍然需要大量的手工或交互的方式才能應用於自動化的車銑複合加工。

 (4)加工程序的整合。目前通用CAM 軟件編制完成後的NC 程序之間是相互獨立的,要實現車銑複合這樣複雜的自動化完整加工,需要對這些獨立的加工程序進行集成和整 合。</span> <span>這種整合必須以零件的工藝路線為指導,首先確定出哪些程序是並行的,然後對不同工藝方法的加工 順序進行確定,並給出準確的換刀、裝卡更換、基準轉化以及進退刀指令等。

 可以看出,車銑複合加工數控程序編制難度非常大,而目前的通 用 CAM 軟件用於車銑複合加工仍然存在很多缺陷和不足。為彌補這些不足,在現有通用CAD/CAM 軟件的基礎上開發適用於產品工藝和復合加工設備的專用編程系統是一種更為現實的解決方案。這一方面 降低了軟件購置的重複投資,同時也能避免由於編程平台不統一而造成的工藝知識不能重用、人員配置複雜等缺陷。

3 車銑複合加工的後置處理技術

 與數控編程技術相對應,車銑複合加工由於工藝方法複雜、運動部件多等原因,從而對目前的後置處理軟件及技術提出了更高的要 求。與常規數控設備相比,其後置處理的難點主要體現在以下幾個方面。

 (1) 不同工序間的銜接運動要求嚴格準確。由於在車銑複合設備上進行的加工工藝種類繁多,因此在當 前工序加工完成之後必須及時、準確地完成加工方式、刀具、運動部件的自動切換,以保證加工過程的正確和安 全。為了達到這個目的,一方面要求設置合理的進退刀方式以及自動換刀、冷卻液開和停的時機,另外更 為重要的是在進行當前工序加工時需要設定其他非運動部件所處的位置。這樣才能避免機床在換刀和加工 過程中運動部件與非運動部件之間的碰撞,確保加工過程安全穩定。

由於復合加工中工藝路線相對較長,依靠人工去對後置 完成後的NC 代碼進行組織和集成不僅效率低而且也容易導致錯誤的發生。理想的解決方法是在後置處理過程中能夠對 加工順序和刀位文件中蘊含的工藝方法進行自動判定,並能在後置處理完成後的NC 代碼中自動保持。為此,數控編程完成後的刀位文件信息中不僅需要包含相應的工藝方法、刀位信息,還 需要包含對應的加工順序、所採用的刀具種類和編號,這樣才能在後置處理的過程中達到工藝順序、工藝方法和刀具的自動判 定。

 (3)不同加 工方式的後置處理技術。車 銑複合加工的後置處理程序不僅要求能夠實現多軸數控銑削、車削、鑽削加工的後置處理,還要能夠實現鋸斷、自動進料、尾座控制以及程序循環調用等功能,車銑 複合加工的後置處理算法基本上囊括了現有數控加工所有工藝種類的後置處理方法,並且還要能夠實現不同加工方式之間的無縫集成和運動銜 接。

 (4) 控制系統先進功能的充分利用。目前用於車銑複合加工中心的數控系統都是非常先進的控制系統, 如寶美S192FT 採用的FANUC 31i系統、WFL 150 採用的SINUMERIK840D 系統。這些先進的控制系統大都具備進給自動優化、刀矢平滑、超強前瞻以及高速、高精度插補等先進功 能。因此,必須要將這些先進數控系統的功能反映在後置處理階段完成的加工代碼中的合適位置,才能實現 車銑複合加工設備效能的充分利用。

 (5) 非切削功能的處理和調用。複合加工機床除了具備車、銑、鑽、鏜等切削功能外,還具備在各工序 之間過渡所需的非切削功能,如自動送料、卸料、主軸對接、尾座控制等。在後置處理中需要將這些功能 作為一個公用模塊供程序調用,調用的順序和時機需要根據工藝路線來確定。這些功能目前的後置處理軟 件尚不能提供。

4 車銑複合加工的仿真技術

 車 銑複合加工由於運動部件多、功能複雜,程序編制完成後的加工仿真就顯得尤為重要。由於我國航空製 造廠車銑複合加工投入實際生產的時間較短,目前還沒有成熟的仿真應用技術,因此大部分廠家是通過試切加工來驗證和優化程序,這就導致工藝準備週期長、研製 風險和加工成本高。

 為了提高車銑複合加工的應用水平和編程效率,必須大力推動仿真技術的應用。目前用於車銑複合加工仿 真的軟件主要有TopSolid、Gibbs 等,但這些軟件普遍價格昂貴,我國航空製造領域引進較少。實際上,實現車銑複合加工的仿真也可藉助 目前的通用數控加工仿真軟件(如Vericut、NCSimul 等),根據車銑複合加工設備的結構、運動特點、特殊功能及數控系統,通過定制及宏功能開發實現加工過程的運動仿真。

 利用通用的數控加工仿 真軟件實現車銑複合加工的仿真需要首先在仿真係統裡構建相對真實的機床環境,重點在於機床各運動部件之間的相對運動關係和幾何位置關 係的建立。在此基礎上,建立加工過程中所採用的刀具庫及相應的刀具編號。然後配置機床設備的數控系統和數控程序的加工基準,並將後置完成的NC 代碼載入仿真係統中,即可執行加工過程的仿真工作。與常規數控加工不同的是,有些功能(如多通道加 工、尾座控制等)還需要通過宏功能的開發和定制來完成。

 車銑複合加工技術的應用前景及發展建議

 近 年來,車銑複合加工中心在我國飛機、航空發動機以及附件廠等航空製造廠家都有引進。設備類型主要集 中於奧地利WFL 公司的車銑複合系列產品和瑞士寶美公司銑車複合加工中心等。但由於投入實際應用的時間不長,普遍缺乏 與產品工藝特點和設備工藝特性相適應的成熟的加工工藝、編程手段和後置處理等技術手段。因此,目前 引進的車銑複合加工設備基本上處於相對較低的運行水平。

 航空產品製造過程中面臨的主要問題突出表現為工藝路線長、工藝過程複雜、加工效率低、加工變形嚴重、加工成本高,車銑複合加工無論是在飛機製造還是在發動 機製造領域都有著極為廣闊的發展空間。

 如 飛機機身整體框的銑削加工通常要經過下料/ 毛坯製備、基準加工、粗加工內形、粗加工外形、精修基準、半精及精加工內形、半精和精加工外形、孔加工、鉗工修整、檢測等數十個工序、多次翻轉裝夾才能完 成。而目前航空發動機領域的整體葉盤加工也是採用整體鍛造毛坯,經過車銑、銑削、拋光、表面處理及 強化、檢測探傷等幾十道工序才能完成。這些零件往往製造週期長,佔機時間通常達到幾百小時,而且加 工過程中都需要使用多台不同類型的數控機床和大量的夾具、刀具、測具等。另外,裝卡的反復更換不僅 造成零件製造過程中的等待時間過長,影響生產週期,而且也會造成裝卡誤差的積累,從而影響零件的尺寸精度和加工結果。

 車銑複合加工可以通過一次裝卡實現上述典型航空零件的全部或大部分工序的加工,從而為複雜航空零件的高效、精密加工提供了一種新途 徑。其應用優勢主要體現在以下幾個方面:(1)裝卡次數顯著減少,提高加工效率的同時消除因機床和 裝卡方式的改變而導致的誤差。

 

引用出處: 

 http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/lifung-biz/article?mid=4396&prev=4397&next=-1

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具協助客戶設計刀具流程DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計超高硬度的切削刀具醫療配件刀具設計複合式再研磨機PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具粉末造粒成型機主機版專用頂級電桿PCBN刀具PCD刀具單晶刀具PCD V-Cut捨棄式圓鋸片組粉末成型機航空機械鉸刀主機版專用頂級電汽車業刀具設計電子產業鑽石刀具木工產業鑽石刀具銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolNAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end milldisc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting toolhss drillФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelCompound SharpenerMilling cutterINDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden FingerPCD V-CutterPCD Wood toolsPCD Cutting toolsPCD Circular Saw BladePVDD End Millsdiamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘FresePOWDER FORMING MACHINEElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterStaple CutterPCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floorsV-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert PCD Diamond Tool Saw Blade with Indexable InsertNAS toolDIN or JIS toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsend mill grinderdrill grindersharpenerStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer. 

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

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豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:

(1)精密HSSエンドミルのR&D

(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計

(3)鎢鋼エンドミル設計

(4)航空エンドミル設計

(5)超高硬度エンドミル

(6)ダイヤモンドエンドミル

(7)医療用品エンドミル設計

(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンドミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:

(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンドミル設計

(2)ミクロエンドミル~大型エンドミル供給

(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給

(4)オートメーション整備調達

(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。     

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz. 

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

 

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Lutetium ( /l(j)uːˈtiːʃiəm/ lew-TEE-shee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is in the d-block of the periodic table, not the f-block, but the IUPAC classifies it as a lanthanide.[2] It is one of the elements that traditionally were included in the classification, "rare earths". One of its radioactive isotopes (176Lu) is used in nuclear technology to determine the age of meteorites. Lutetium usually occurs in association with the element yttrium and is sometimes used in metal alloys and as a catalyst in various chemical reactions.

 

 

Contents

[hide]

  • 1 Characteristics
    • 1.1 Physical properties
    • 1.2 Chemical properties
    • 1.3 Compounds
    • 1.4 Isotopes
  • 2 History
  • 3 Occurrence and production
  • 4 Applications
  • 5 Precautions
  • 6 References
  • 7 External links

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Physical properties

Lutetium is a silvery white corrosion-resistant trivalent metal. It has the smallest atomic radius and is the heaviest and hardest of the rare earth elements.[3] Lutetium has the highest melting point of any lanthanide, probably related to the lanthanide contraction.

[edit] Chemical properties

Lutetium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 °C to form lutetium(III) oxide:

 

4 Lu + 3 O2 → 2 Lu2O3

Lutetium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form lutetium hydroxide:

 

2 Lu (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Lu(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Lutetium metal reacts with all the halogens to form halides:

 

2 Lu (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 LuF3 (s)2 Lu (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 LuCl3 (s)2 Lu (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 LuBr3 (s)2 Lu (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 LuI3 (s)

The fluoride, chloride, and bromide are white, whereas the iodide is brown.

Lutetium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the colorless lutetium(III) ions, which exist as a [Lu(OH2)9]3+ complex:[4]

 

2 Lu (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Lu3+ (aq) + 3 SO2–

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

[edit] Compounds

 

See also Category: Lutetium compounds

In all its compounds, lutetium occurs in +3 valence state. Aqueous solutions of most Lu salts are colorless and form white crystalline solids upon drying. The soluble salts, such as chloride (LuCl3), bromide (LuBr3), iodide (LuI3), nitrate, sulfate and acetate form hydrates upon crystallization. The oxide (Lu2O3), hydroxide, fluoride (LuF3), carbonate, phosphate and oxalate are insoluble in water.[5]

Lutetium tantalate (LuTaO4) is the densest known stable white material (density 9.81 g/cm3)[6] and therefore is an ideal host for X-ray phosphors.[7][8] Thoria is more dense (10 g/cm3) and is also white, but radioactive.

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of lutetium

Naturally occurring lutetium is composed of 1 stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and 1 long-lived beta-radioactive isotope 176Lu with a half-life of 3.78×1010 years (2.59% natural abundance). The last one is used in radiometric dating (see Lutetium-hafnium dating). 33 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being naturally occurring 176Lu, and artificial isotopes 174Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and 173Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 177mLu (T½=160.4 days), 174mLu (T½=142 days) and 178mLu (T½=23.1 minutes).

The known isotopes of lutetium range in atomic weight from 149.973 (150Lu) to 183.961 (184Lu). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 175Lu, is electron capture (with some alpha and positron emission), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before 175Lu are element 70 (ytterbium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 72 (hafnium) isotopes.

[edit] History

Lutetium (Latin: Lutetia meaning Paris) was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain,[9] Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James.[10] All of these men found lutetium as an impurity in the mineral ytterbia which was thought by Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (and most others) to consist entirely of the element ytterbium.

The separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urbain and the naming honor therefore went to him. He chose the names neoytterbium (new ytterbium) and lutecium for the new element but neoytterbium was eventually reverted back to ytterbium and in 1949 the spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium.

The dispute on the priority of the discovery is documented in two articles in which Urbain and von Welsbach accuse each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other.[11][12]

The Commission on Atomic Mass, which was responsible for the attribution of the names for the new elements, settled the dispute in 1909 by granting priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones. An obvious problem with this decision was that Urbain was one of the four members of the commission.[13]

Welsbach proposed the names cassiopeium for element 71 (after the constellation Cassiopeia) and aldebaranium for the new name of ytterbium but these naming proposals were rejected (although many German scientists in the 1950s called the element 71 cassiopium).

Ironically, Charles James, who had modestly stayed out of the argument as to priority, worked on a much larger scale than the others, and undoubtedly possessed the largest supply of lutetium at the time.[14]

[edit] Occurrence and production

 

 

 

 

Monazite

Found with almost all other rare-earth metals but never by itself, lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements. The principal commercially viable ore of lutetium is the rare earth phosphate mineral monazite: (Ce, La, etc.) PO4 which contains 0.003% of the element. The abundance of lutetium in the Earth crust is only about 0.5 mg/kg. The main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia. The world production of lutetium (in the form of oxide) is about 10 tonnes per year.[14] Pure lutetium metal has only relatively recently been isolated and is very difficult to prepare. It is one of the rarest and most expensive of the rare earth metals with the price about US$ 10,000 per kg, or about one-fourth that of Gold.[15][16]

Crushed minerals are treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths in to their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO3. Several rare earth metals, including Lu, are separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization. Lutetium is separated by ion exchange. In this process, rare-earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. Lutetium salts are then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent. Lutetium metal is then obtained by reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by either an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.[5]

 

2 LuCl3 + 3 Ca → 2 Lu + 3 CaCl2

[edit] Applications

Because of the rarity and high price, lutetium has very few commercial uses. However, stable lutetium can be used as catalysts in petroleum cracking in refineries and can also be used in alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization applications.

Some other applications include:

  • Lutetium-176 (176Lu) has been used to date the age of meteorites.[17]
  • Lutetium aluminium garnet (Al5Lu3O12) has been proposed for use as a lens material in high refractive index immersion lithography.[18]
  • Lutetium-177 (177Lu), when bound to Octreotate (a somatostatin analogue), is used experimentally in targeted radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumors.[19]
  • Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) is currently the preferred compound for detectors in positron emission tomography (PET.) [20][21]
  • Use as a pure beta emitter, using lutetium which has been exposed to neutron activation.
  • A tiny amount of lutetium is added as a dopant to gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG), which is used in magnetic bubble memory devices.[22]

[edit] Precautions

Like other rare-earth metals, lutetium is regarded as having a low degree of toxicity, but its compounds should be handled with care nonetheless. Metal dust of this element is a fire and explosion hazard. Lutetium plays no biological role in the human body.

引用出處: 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具協助客戶設計刀具流程DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計超高硬度的切削刀具醫療配件刀具設計複合式再研磨機PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具粉末造粒成型機主機版專用頂級電桿PCBN刀具PCD刀具單晶刀具PCD V-Cut捨棄式圓鋸片組粉末成型機航空機械鉸刀主機版專用頂級電汽車業刀具設計電子產業鑽石刀具木工產業鑽石刀具銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolNAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end milldisc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting toolhss drillФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelCompound SharpenerMilling cutterINDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden FingerPCD V-CutterPCD Wood toolsPCD Cutting toolsPCD Circular Saw BladePVDD End Millsdiamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘FresePOWDER FORMING MACHINEElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterStaple CutterPCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floorsV-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert PCD Diamond Tool Saw Blade with Indexable InsertNAS toolDIN or JIS toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsend mill grinderdrill grindersharpenerStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンドミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:

(1)精密HSSエンドミルのR&D

(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計

(3)鎢鋼エンドミル設計

(4)航空エンドミル設計

(5)超高硬度エンドミル

(6)ダイヤモンドエンドミル

(7)医療用品エンドミル設計

(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンドミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:

(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンドミル設計

(2)ミクロエンドミル~大型エンドミル供給

(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給

(4)オートメーション整備調達

(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

 

beeway 發表在 痞客邦 留言(0) 人氣()

镥为银白色金属,是稀土元素中最硬和最致密的金属; 熔点1663°C,沸点3395°C,密度9.8404。镥在空气中比较稳定;氧化镥为无色晶体,溶于 酸生成相应的无色盐。镥主要用于研究工作,其它用途很少。质软。溶于稀酸,能与水缓慢作用。盐类无色,氧化物白色。天然存在的同位素有:175Lu和半衰 期为2.1×1010年的β发射体176Lu。自然界储量极少,价格较贵,由氟化镥LuF3•2H2O用钙还原而制得,用于原子能工业。

目录

 

文字释义

  1. 基本释义
  2. 基本字义

元素介绍

  1. 综合性质
  2. 发现
  3. 研究过程
  4. 性质
  5. 资源
  6. 用途
  7. 化学元素周期表

 

文字释义

  1. 基本释义
  2. 基本字义

元素介绍

  1. 综合性质
  2. 发现
  3. 研究过程
  4. 性质
  5. 资源
  6. 用途
  7. 化学元素周期表

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编辑本段文字释义

基本释义

镥 拼音:lǔ 繁体字:鑥   部首:钅,部外笔画:12,总笔画:17 ; 繁体部首:金,部外笔画:12,总笔画:20   五笔86&98:QQGJ 仓颉:XCNWA    笔顺编号:31115352512112511 四角号码:87761 UniCode:CJK 统一汉字 U+9565

基本字义

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------   ● 镥   (鑥)   lǔㄌㄨˇ   ◎ 一种金属元素,属稀土金属,自然界中存在的量很少。   汉英互译    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------   ◎ 镥   lutecium lutetium   English    --------------------------------------------------------------------------   ◎ lutetium   元素名称:镥

编辑本段元素介绍

综合性质

元素名称:镥

 

元 素原子量:175.0   体积弹性模量:Gpa:47.6   原子化焓:kJ /mol @25℃:98   热容:J /(mol• K):6.86   导电性:10^6/(cm •Ω ):0.0185   导热系数:W/(m•K):6.4   熔化热:(千焦/摩尔):18.60   汽化热:(千焦/摩尔):355.90   原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔):17.78   元素在宇宙中的含量:(ppm):0.00001   元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm):0.001   元素在海水中的含量:(ppm):大西洋表面 0.00000014   氧化态:Main Lu+3   Other   地壳中含量:(ppm):0.51

 

晶体结构:晶胞为六方晶胞。 晶胞参数:   a = 350.31 pm   b = 350.31 pm   c = 555.09 pm   α = 90°   β = 90°   γ = 120°   维氏硬度:1160MPa   电离能 (kJ /mol)   M - M+ 523.5   M+ - M2+ 1340   M2+ - M3+ 2022   M3+ - M4+ 4360   相对原子质量:174.96   常见化合价: +3   电负性: 1   外围电子排布:4f14 5d1 6s2   核外电子排布: 2,8,18,32,9,2   同位素及放射线:Lu-172[6.7d] Lu-173[1.37y] Lu-174[3.3y]s *Lu-175 Lu-176(放 β[3.6E10y]) Lu-177[6.68d] 电子亲合和能:0 KJ•mol-1   第一电离能:523.5 KJ•mol-1   第二电离能: 1340 KJ•mol-1   第三电离能: 0 KJ•mol-1

 

单质密度: 9.85 g/cm3   单质熔点: 1656.0 ℃   单质沸点: 3315.0 ℃   原子半径: 2.25 埃   离子半径: 0.98(+3) 埃   共价半径: 1.56 埃

发现

发 现人:乌尔班(G.Urbain) 发现年代:1906年   发现过程:1906年由乌尔班(G.Urbain)发现的。   稀土元素的发现从18世纪末到20世纪初,经历了100多年,发现了数十个,但只肯定了其中的十几个。镥是20世纪初发现并肯定的稀土元素。这是 1907年法国化学家乌尔班从镱中分离出来的。镥的拉丁名称来自法国巴黎的古名,是乌尔班的出生地。镥和另一个稀土元素铕的发现就完成了自然界中存在的所 有稀土元素的发现。它们俩的发现可以认为是打开了稀土元素发现的第四座大门,完成了稀土元素发现的第四阶段。

研究过程

镥是稀土金属之一。稀土是历史遗留的名称,从18世纪末叶开始被

 

元素周期表·镥

陆 续发现。当时人们惯于把不溶于水的固体氧化物称作土,例如把氧化铝叫做陶土,氧化镁叫苦土。稀土是以氧化物状态分离出来,很稀少,因而得名稀土,稀土元素 的原子序数是21(Sc)、39(Y)、57(La)至71(Lu)。它们的化学性质很相似,这是由于核外电子结构特点所决定的。它们一般均生成三价化合 物。钪的化学性质与其它稀土差别明显,一般稀土矿物中不含钪。钷是从铀反应堆裂变产物中获得,放射性元素147Pm半衰期2.7年。过去认为钷在自然界中 不存在,直到1965年,荷兰的一个磷酸盐工厂在处理磷灰石中,才发现了钷的痕量成分。   因此中国1968年将钷划入64种有色金属之外。 1787年瑞典人阿累尼斯(C.A.Arrhenius)在斯德哥尔摩(Stockholm)附近的伊特比(Ytterby)小镇上寻得了一块不寻常的黑 色矿石,1794年芬兰化 学家加多林(J.Gadolin)研究了这种矿石,从其中分离出一种新物质,三年后(1797年),瑞典人爱克伯格(A.G.Ekeberg)证实了这一 发现,并以发现地名给新的物质命名为Ytteia(钇土)。后来为了纪念加多林,称这种矿石为Gadolinite(加多林矿,即硅铍钇矿)。 1803年德国化 学家克拉普罗兹(M.H.Klaproth)和瑞典化学家柏齐力阿斯(J.J.Berzelius)及希生格尔(W.Hisinger)同时分别从另一矿 石(铈硅矿)中发现了另一种新的物质---铈土(Ceria)。1839年瑞典人莫桑得尔(C.G.Mosander)发现了镧和镨钕混合物 (didymium)。   1885年奥地利人威斯巴克(A.V.Welsbach)从莫桑得尔认为是“新元素” 的镨钕混合物中发现了镨和钕。1879年法国人布瓦普德朗(L.D.Boisbauder)发现了钐。1901年法国人德马尔赛 (E.A.Demarcay)发现了铕。1880年瑞士马利纳克(J.C.G.De Marignac)发现了钆。1843年莫桑得尔发现了铽和铒。1886年布瓦普德朗发现了镝。1879年瑞典人克利夫(P.T.Cleve)发现了钬和 铥。1974年美国人马瑞斯克(J.A.Marisky)等从铀裂产物中得到钷。1879年瑞典人尼尔松(L.F.Nilson)发现了钪。从1794年 加多林分离出钇土至1947年制得钷,历时150多年。

性质

镥的稀土金属是光泽介于银和铁之间。杂质含量对它们的性质影响很大,

 

稀土-氧化镥

因 而载于文献中物理性质常有明显差异。镧在6°K时是超导体。大多数稀土金属呈现顺磁性,钆在0℃时比铁具有更强的铁磁性。铽、镝、钬、铒等在低温下也呈现 铁磁性。镧、铈的低熔点和钐、铕、镱的高蒸气压表现出稀土金属的物理性质有极大差异。钐、铕、钆的热中子吸收截面比广泛用于核反应堆控制材料的镉、硼还 大。稀土金属具有可塑性,以钐和意为最好。除镱外,钇组稀土较铈组稀土具有更高的硬度。   稀土金属的化学活性很强。当和氧作用时,生成稳定性很高的R2O3型氧化物(R表示稀土金属)。铈、镨、铽还生成CeO2、Pr6O11、TbO2型 氧化物。它们的标准生成热和标准自由焓负值比钙、铝、镁氧化物的值还大。稀土氧化物的熔点在2000℃以上,铕的原子半径最大,性质最活泼,在室温下暴露 于空气中立即失去光泽,很快氧化成粉末。镧、铈是、镨、钕也易于氧化,在表面生成氧化物薄膜。金属钇、钆、 镥的抗腐蚀性强,能较长时间地保持其金属光泽。稀土金属能以不同速率与水反应。铕与冷水剧烈反应释放出氢。铈组稀土金属在室温下与水反应缓慢,温度增高则 反应加快。钇组稀土金属则较为稳定。稀土金属在高温下与卤素反应生成+2、+3、+4价的卤化物。无水卤化物吸水性很强,很容易水解生成ROX(X表示卤 素)型卤氧化合物。稀土金属还能和硼、碳、硫、氢、氮反应生成相应的化合物。

资源

目前 世界上已知的稀土矿物及含有稀土元素的矿物有250多种,稀土元素含量较高的矿物有60多种,有工业价值的不到10种。中国稀土资源极其丰富,其特点可概 括为:储量大、品种全、有价值的元素含量高、分布广。中国稀土的工业储量(按氧化物计)是国外稀土工业储量的2.2倍。国外稀土资源集中在美国、印度、巴 西、澳大利亚和苏联等国,工业储量(按氧化物计)为701.11万吨。

用途

稀土金属及其 合金在炼钢中起脱氧脱硫作用,能使两者的含量降低到0.001%以下,并改变夹杂物的形态,细化晶粒,从而改善钢的加工性能,提高强度、韧性、耐腐蚀性和 抗氧化性等。稀土金属及其合金用于制造球墨铸铁、高强灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁,能改变铸铁中石墨的形态,改善铸造工艺,提高铸铁的机械性能。在青铜和黄铜冶炼中 添加少量的稀土金属能提高合金的强度、延伸率、耐热性和导电性。在铸造铝硅合金中添加1%-1.5%的稀土金属,可以提高高温强度。在铝合金导线中添加稀 土金属,能提高抗张强度和耐腐蚀性。Fe-Cr-Al电热合金中添加0.3%的稀土金属,能提高抗氧化能力,增加电阻率和高温强度。在钛及其合金中添加稀 土金属能细化晶粒,降低蠕变率,改善高温抗腐蚀性能。用铈族混合稀土氯化物和富镧稀土氯化物制备的微球分子筛,用于石油催化裂化过程。稀土金属和过渡金属 复合氧化物催化剂用于氧化净化,能使一氧化碳和碳氢化物转化为二氧化碳和水。镨钕环烷—烷基铝—氯化烷基铝三元体系催化剂用于合成橡胶。   稀土抛光粉用于各种玻璃器件的抛光。单一的高纯稀土氧化物用于合成各种荧光体,如彩色电视红 色荧光粉、投影电视白色荧光粉等荧光材料。稀土金属碘化物用于制造金属卤素灯,代替碳精棒电弧灯作照明光源。用稀土金属制备的稀土—钴硬磁合金,具有高剩 磁、高矫顽力的优点。钇铁石榴石铁氧体是用高纯Y2O3和氧化铁制成单晶或多晶的铁磁材料。它们用于微波器件。高纯Gd2O3用于制备钇镓石榴石,它的单 晶用作磁泡的基片。金属镧和 镍制成的LaNi5贮氢材料,吸氢和放氢速度快,每摩尔LaNi5可贮存6.5—6.7摩尔氢。在原子能工业中,利用铕和钆的同位素的中子吸收截面大的特 性,作轻水堆和快中子增殖堆的控制棒和中子吸收剂。稀土元素作为微量化肥,对农作物有增产效果。打火石是稀土发火合金的传统用途,目前仍是铈组稀土金属的 重要用途。

 

引用出處: 

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镱:原子序数 70,原子量173.04,元素名来源于它的发现地。1878年马里尼亚克从铒土中分离出镱的氧化物,1907年于尔班和韦耳斯指出马里尼亚克分离出的是 氧化镥和氧化镱的混合物。镱在地壳中的含量为0.000266%,主要存在于磷钇矿和黑稀金矿中,有7种天然同位素。

纠错 编辑摘要

目录

  • 1 概述
  • 2 性质
  • 3 发现及来源
  • 4 特性
  • 5 发展历史
  •  

  • 1 概述
  • 2 性质
  • 3 发现及来源
  • 4 特性
  • 5 发展历史
  • 6 主要用途
  • 7 科技应用
  • 8 参考资料

 

镱 - 概述

 

镱为银白色金属,有延展性,质较软;熔点819±5°C,沸点1194°C,密度6.972克/厘米³。室温下镱能被空气和水缓慢氧化,氧化镱无色;镱可溶于酸生成无色盐。镱粒子是重要的发光材料敏化剂;镱170可用于医疗诊断。

银白色软金属,有光泽,易氧化,在空气中缓慢地被腐蚀,溶于稀酸和液氨。能与水缓慢作用,二价盐为绿色,可溶于水,并与水反应,缓慢地释放出氢气;三价盐无色。氧化物呈白色。镱在自然界中地同位素有:168Yb、170Yb~175Yb。

 

镱 - 性质

 

元素名称:镱

元素原子量:173.0

元素类型:金属

体积弹性模量:Gpa:30.5

原子化焓:kJ /mol @25℃:180

热容:J /(mol• K):6.74 

导电性:10^6/(cm •Ω  ):0.0351

导热系数:W/(m•K):8.5

熔化热:(千焦/摩尔) :.660

醋酸镱

 

汽化热:(千焦/摩尔) :128.90

原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔) :24.79

元素在宇宙中的含量:(ppm):0.002

元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm):.001

元素在海水中的含量:(ppm):大西洋表面  0.0000005

地壳中含量:(ppm):3.3

原子序数:70

元素符号:Yb

 

相对原子质量:173.0

核内质子数:70

核外电子数:70

核电核数:70

质子质量:1.1711E-25

质子相对质量:70.49

所属周期:6

所属族数:IIIB

摩尔质量:173

密度:6.98

熔点:824.0

沸点:1466.0

外围电子排布:4f14 6s2

氧化态:Main  Yb+2, Yb+3

 

核外电子排布:2,8,18,32,8,2

晶体结构:晶胞为面心立方晶胞,每个晶胞含有4个金属原子。

 

晶胞参数:

a = 548.47 pm

b = 548.47 pm

c = 548.47 pm

α = 90°

β = 90°

γ = 90°

 

维氏硬度:206MPa   

声音在其中的传播速率:(m/S) 1590

 

电离能 (kJ /mol) 

M - M+ 603.4

M+ - M2+ 1176

M2+ - M3+ 2415

M3+ - M4+ 4220

 

颜色和状态:金属

原子半径:2.4

常见化合价+2,+3  

 

镱 - 发现及来源

 

发现人:马里纳克(J.C.G.Marignac)   

发现年代:1878年瑞士

发现过程:1878年,由马里纳克(J.C.G.Marignac)首先分离出镱的化合物;1907年由乌尔班(G.Urbain)指出马里纳克分离出的镱是由镥和现在已知的镱两个元素组成的。

元 素来源:在某些矿石中与钇及其他有关元素共存(如磷钇矿、硅铍钇矿),二价镱形成绿色盐,三价镱为无色盐元素,在核反应中照射169Tm,生成 170Tm,半衰期为129天,这个同位素克发射出很强的X射线。用它来制造常由氧化镱Yb2O3用钙还原而制得。也可用蒸馏法制备。

用途:用于冶金,用于制造特种合金。

 

镱 - 特性

金 属镱为银灰色,有延展性,质地较软,室温下镱能被空气和水缓慢氧化。与钐和铕相类似样,镱属于变价稀土,除通常呈正三价外,也可以呈正二价状态。由于这种 变价特性,制备金属镱不宜用电解法,而采用还原蒸馏法进行制备和提纯。通常以金属镧为还原剂,利用镱金属高蒸汽压和镧金属低蒸气压的差别进行还原蒸馏。也 可以采用铥镱镥富集物为原料,以金属镧为还原剂,在>1100℃和<0.133Pa的高温真空条件下,通过还原-蒸馏的方法直接提取金属镱。象钐和铕一 样,镱也可采用湿法还原进行分离和提纯。通常采用铥镱镥富集物为原料,溶解后将镱还原成二价状态,造成显著的性质差异后将其与其它三价稀土进行分离。制取 高纯氧化镱通常采用萃取色层法或离子交换法。

 

镱 - 发展历史

1842 年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后,不少化学家利用光谱分析鉴定,确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物,这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它们。1878 年瑞士化 学家马里纳克从饵土中分离出一个新元素的氧化物,把这个新元素成为ytterbium,符号为Yb,我们翻译为镱。这一名称和钇、铒、铽的命名一样,都是 来自首先发现了钇矿的瑞典的乙特比(Ytterby)小镇。随着镱以及其他一些稀土元素的发现,完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。

 

1878 年,瑞士化学家查尔斯(Jean Charles)和马利格纳克(G.de Marignac)在“铒”中发现了一种新的稀土元素,为了纪念钇矿石发现地——斯德哥尔摩附近那个名叫伊特比(Yteerby)的小村,把这个新元素命 名为Ytterbium,元素符号为Yb,汉译名称为“镱”—是该元素的专用汉字。

镱在镧系元素中虽然排在铥之后,但其地壳丰度达却到 3.3ppm,不但高于铽钬铥镥等其它中重稀土,甚至高于铕(2.2 ppm)。镱主要存在于离子型稀土矿、磷钇矿和黑稀金矿等中重稀土矿物中,有7种天然同位素。在江西寻乌中钇富铕离子型矿中,镱在稀土中的配分高于铕,在 龙南高钇离子型矿中,镱的配分约是铕的10倍。

 

镱 - 主要用途

 

镱 作为重稀土元素,由于可利用的资源有限,产品价格昂贵,限制了其用途研究。随着光纤通讯和 激光等高新技术的出现,镱才逐渐找到大显身手的应用舞台。近年来,镱在光纤通讯和激光技术两大领域崭露头角并得到迅速发展。随着“信息高速公路”的建设发 展,计算机网络和长距离光纤传输系统对光通讯用的光纤材料性能要求越来越高。镱离子由于拥有优异的光谱特性,可以象铒和铥一样,被用作光通讯的光纤放大材 料。尽管稀土元素铒至今仍是制备光纤放大器的主角,但传统的掺铒石英光纤增益带宽较小(30nm),已难以满足高速大容量信息传输的要求。而Yb3+离子 在980nm附近具有远大于Er3+离子的吸收截面,通过Yb3+的敏化作用和铒镱的能量传递,可使1530nm光得到大大加强,从而大大提高光的放大效 率。

 

近年来,铒镱共掺的磷酸盐玻璃受到越来越多研究者的青睐。磷酸盐和氟磷酸盐玻璃具有较好的化学稳 定性和热稳定性,并具有较宽的红外透过性能和大的非均匀展宽特性,是宽带高增益掺铒放大光纤玻璃的理想材料。若在其中引入Yb3+离子,制成铒镱共掺光 纤,就可大大改善光纤放大性能。中国研制的高浓度铒镱共掺磷酸盐光纤(纤芯直径7μm、数值孔径为0.2)适用于全波放大器。利用980nm半导体激光 器,在1.5μm的通信窗口对小信号实现了3.8dB的净增益,单位长度增益达2.5dB/cm,比目前商用石英放大器高出两个数量级。

 

掺 Yb3+光纤放大器可以实现功率放大和小信号放大,因而可用于光纤传感器、自由空间激光通信和超短脉冲放大等领域。中国目前已建成世界上单信道容量最大、 速率最快的光传输系统,拥有世界上最宽的信息高速公路。掺镱和其它稀土的光纤放大及激光材料在其中均发挥了关键性巨大的作用。镱的光谱特性还被用作优质激 光材料,既被用作激光晶体,也被用作激光玻璃、和光纤激光器。

 

掺镱激光晶体作为高功率激光材料已形成一个庞大的系列,包括 有掺镱钇铝石榴石(Yb:YAG)、掺镱钆镓石榴石(Yb:GGG)、掺镱氟磷酸钙(Yb:FAP)、掺镱氟磷酸锶(Yb:S-FAP)、掺镱钒酸钇 (Yb:YV04)、掺镱硼酸盐和硅酸盐等。半导体激光器(LD)是固体激光器的 一种新型泵浦源。Yb:YAG具有许多特点适合高功率LD泵浦,已成为大功率LD泵浦用激光材料。Yb:S-FAP晶体将来有可能用作实现激光核聚变的激 光材料,引起人们的关注。在可调谐激光晶体中,有掺铬镱钬钇铝镓石榴石(Cr,Yb,Ho:YAGG),其波长在2.84~3.05μm之间连续可调。据 统计,世界上用的导弹红外寻弹头大部分是采用3-5μm的中波红外探测器,因此研制Cr,Yb,Ho:YSGG激光器,可对中红外制导武器对抗提供有效干 扰,具有重要的军事意义。 

 

镱 - 科技应用

目前中国在掺 镱激光晶体(Yb:YAG、Yb:FAP、Yb:SFAP等)方面,已取得一系列具有国际先进水平的创新性成果,解决了晶体的生长以及激光快速、脉冲、连 续、可调节输出等多项关键技术,研究成果已在国防、工业和科学工程等方面获得实际应用,掺镱晶体产品已出口美国、日本等多个国家与地区。镱激光材料的另一 个大类是激光玻璃。已开发出锗碲酸盐、硅铌酸盐、硼酸盐和磷酸盐等多种高发射截面的激光玻璃。由于玻璃易成型可以制成大尺寸,并具有高光透和高均匀性等特 点,可制

氟化镱

成 大功率激光器。过去人们熟悉的稀土激光玻璃主要是钕玻璃,它已有40多年的发展历史,制作和应用技术成熟,一直是大功率激光装置的首选材料,已被用于核聚 变实验装置和激光武器等方面。中国建成的由激光钕玻璃为主要激光介质的神光1号和神光2号大功率激光装置,已达到世界先进水平。但激光钕玻璃如今却遇到了 激光镱玻璃的有力挑战。

 

近年来的大量研究表明,激光镱玻璃的许多性能超过了钕玻璃。由于掺镱发光只有两个能级,储能效率 高,在相同增益时镱玻璃储能效率比钕玻璃高16倍,荧光寿命也是钕玻璃的3倍,同时还具有掺杂浓度高、吸收带宽、可直接用半导体泵浦等优点,非常适用于大 功率激光器使用。但镱激光玻璃的实用还往往要借助于钕的协助,如采用Nd3+作为敏化剂才能使镱激光玻璃在室温下运转,并在1 06μm波长处实现激光发射。所以说,镱和钕在激光玻璃方面既是竞争对手,同时又是相互协作的伙伴。

 

通过调节玻璃成分,可 以提高镱激光玻璃的诸多发光性能。以发展高功率激光器为主要方向,用镱激光玻璃制造的激光器越来越广泛地应用于现代工业、 农业、医学、科学研究和军事方面。将核聚变产生的能量作为能源一直是人们期待的目标,实现受控核聚变将是人类解决能源问题的重要手段。掺镱激光玻璃以其优 异的激光性能正在成为21世纪实现惯性约束核聚变(ICF)升级换代首选材料。激光武器是利用激光束的巨大能量,对目标进行打击破坏,可以产生上亿度的高 温,以光的速度直接攻击,可以指那打那,具有极大的杀伤力,尤其适用于现代战争的防空武器系统。掺镱激光玻璃的优异性能已使它成为制造高功率和高性能激光 武器的重要基础材料。

 

光纤激光器是当今迅猛发展起来的一项新技术,也属于激光玻璃应用范畴。光纤激光器就是用光纤作激光 介质的激光器,是光纤与激光技术相结合的产物,是在掺饵光纤放大器(EDFA)技术基础上发展起来的激光新技术。光纤激光器以半导体激光二极管作 为泵源,以光纤作为波导和增益介质,同时采用光栅光纤、偶合器等光学元件组合而成。它无需光路机械调整,机构紧凑便于集成。与传统固体激光器和半导体激光 器相比,具有光束质量高、稳定性好、抗环境干扰性强、免调节、免维护、结构小巧等技术和性能优势。由于掺杂的离子主要是Nd+3、Yb+3、Er+3、 Tm+3、Ho+3,都是以稀土光纤作为增益介质,所以目前开发出来的光纤激光器也可称作是稀土光纤激光器。

 

高功率掺镱 双包层光纤激光是近年国际上固体激 光技术中的一个热点领域。它具有光束质量好、结构紧凑、转换效率高等优点,在工业加工等领域中有广泛的应用前景。双包层掺镱光纤适合于半导体激光器泵浦, 具有耦合效率高和激光输出功率高等特点,是掺镱光纤的主要发展方向。目前中国的双包层掺镱光纤技术与国外先进水平已不相上下。中国研制的掺镱光纤、双包层 掺镱光纤以及铒镱共掺光纤在性能和可靠性方面均已达到国外同类产品先进水平,具有成本优势,并拥有多项产品和方法的核心专利技术。

镱面灯

 

 

世 界著名的德国IPG 激光公司日前宣布,他们新近推出的掺镱光纤激光器系统,具有非常优异的光束特性,有大于50,000小时的泵浦寿命,中心发射波长为1070nm- 1080n,输出功率可高达到20KW,已被应用于精细焊接、切割和岩石钻探等方面。激光材料是发展激光技术的核心和基础。在激光界历来有“一代材料,一 代器件”的说法。必须先拥有性能优异的激光材料,综合其它相关技术,才能开发出先进实用的激光器件。掺镱激光晶体和激光玻璃作为固体激光材料的生力军正在 推进光纤通讯和激光技术的创新发展,尤其是在高功率核聚变激光器、高能量拍瓦(PW,即1015W)激光器、高能量武器激光器等尖端激光技术方面将作出重 要贡献。

 

镱还被用于荧光粉激活剂、无线电陶瓷、电子计算机记忆元件(磁泡)添加剂和光学玻璃添加剂等。需要指出的是,镱 (Ytterbium)和钇(Yttrium)同属稀土元素,虽然英文名称和元素符号差别明显,但汉语拼音却音节相同,在某些汉语译文引用中有时误把钇当 作镱,这时就需要我们追寻原文并结合元素符号来加以确认。

 

引用出處: 

 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%95%B1

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Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolNAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end milldisc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting toolhss drillФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelCompound SharpenerMilling cutterINDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden FingerPCD V-CutterPCD Wood toolsPCD Cutting toolsPCD Circular Saw BladePVDD End Millsdiamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘FresePOWDER FORMING MACHINEElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterStaple CutterPCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floorsV-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert PCD Diamond Tool Saw Blade with Indexable InsertNAS toolDIN or JIS toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsend mill grinderdrill grindersharpenerStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer. 

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Ytterbium ( /ɪˈtɜrbiəm/ i-TUR-bee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth element of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is sometimes associated with yttrium or other related elements and is used in certain steels. Natural ytterbium is a mix of seven stable isotopes. Ytterbium-169, an artificially produced isotope, is used as a gamma ray source.

 

 

Contents

[hide]

  • 1 Characteristics
    • 1.1 Physical properties
    • 1.2 Chemical properties
    • 1.3 Compounds
    • 1.4 Isotopes
  • 2 History
  • 3 Occurrence
  • 4 Production
  • 5 Applications
    • 5.1 Source of gamma rays
    • 5.2 Doping of stainless steel
    • 5.3 Yb as dopant of active media
    • 5.4 Others
  • 6 Precautions
  • 7 See also
  • 8 References
  • 9 Further reading
  • 10 External links

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Physical properties

Ytterbium is a soft, malleable and rather ductile element that exhibits a bright silvery luster. A rare earth element, it is easily attacked and dissolved by mineral acids, slowly reacts with water, and oxidizes in air.[2]

Ytterbium has three allotropes which are called alpha, beta and gamma and whose transformation points are at −13 °C and 795 °C. The beta form exists at room temperature and has a face-centered crystal structure while the high-temperature gamma form has a body-centered crystal structure.[2]

Normally, the beta form has a metallic-like electrical conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when exposed to around 16,000 atm (1.6 GPa). Its electrical resistivity is tenfold larger at about 39,000 atm (3.9 GPa) but then drops dramatically, to around 10% of its room temperature resistivity value, at 40,000 atm (4 GPa).[2][3]

Contrary to other rare-earth metals, which show antiferromagnetic and/or ferromagnetic ordering at low temperatures, Yb is paramagnetic at any temperatures above 1 K.[4]

It has a melting point of 824°C and a boiling point of 1196°C: this makes it have a narrower liquid range than any other metal.

[edit] Chemical properties

Ytterbium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 200 °C to form ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3) or less stable ytterbium monoxide (YbO).

Ytterbium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form ytterbium hydroxide:

 

2 Yb (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Yb(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Ytterbium metal reacts with all the halogens:

 

2 Yb (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 YbF3 (s) [white]2 Yb (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 YbCl3 (s) [white]2 Yb (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 YbBr3 (s) [white]2 Yb (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 YbI3 (s) [white]

Ytterbium(III) ion absorbs light in the near infrared spectral range, but not in the visible region, so that ytterbia is white, and ytterbium salts of colorless anions are also colorless. Ytterbium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the colorless Yb(III) ions, which exist as a [Yb(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[5]

 

2 Yb (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Yb3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

[edit] Compounds

Ytterbium shows similar chemical behavior to the rest of the lanthanide group. Most of the compounds are found in the oxidation state +3, the salts in that oxidation state are nearly colorless. Like europium, samarium or thulium trihalogenes can be reduced by hydrogen or by addition of the metal reduced to the dihalogens, in this case the for example YbCl2. The oxidation state +2 reacts in some ways similarly to the alkaline earth metal compounds, for example the Ytterbium(II) oxide (YbO) shows the same structure as calcium oxide (CaO).[6]

  • Halides: YbCl2, YbBr3, YbCl3, YbF3
  • Oxides: Yb2O3

See also: Category:Ytterbium compounds

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of ytterbium

Naturally occurring ytterbium is composed of 7 stable isotopes: Yb-168, Yb-170, Yb-171, Yb-172, Yb-173, Yb-174, and Yb-176, with Yb-174 being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). 27 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Yb-169 with a half-life of 32.026 days, Yb-175 with a half-life of 4.185 days, and Yb-166 with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12 meta states, with the most stable being Yb-169m (t½ 46 seconds).

The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147.9674 u (Yb-148) to 180.9562 u (Yb-181). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Yb-174 is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before Yb-174 are element 69 (thulium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 71 (lutetium) isotopes. Of interest to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose-Einstein statistics or Fermi-Dirac statistics, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.

[edit] History

Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878. Marignac found a new component in the earth then known as erbia and named it ytterbia (after Ytterby, the Swedish village where he found the new erbia component). He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element he called ytterbium.[3]

In 1907, the French chemist Georges Urbain separated Marignac's ytterbia into two components: neoytterbia and lutecia. Neoytterbia would later become known as the element ytterbium, and lutecia would later be known as the element lutetium. Auer von Welsbach independently isolated these elements from ytterbia at about the same time, but called them aldebaranium and cassiopeium.[3]

The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium was produced.[3] The price of ytterbium was relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US$ 1,000/kg.[7]

[edit] Occurrence

 

 

 

 

Euxenite

Ytterbium is found with other rare earth elements in several rare minerals. It is most often recovered commercially from monazite sand (0.03% ytterbium). The element is also found in euxenite and xenotime. The main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia; and reserves of ytterbium are estimated as about one million tonnes. Ytterbium is normally difficult to separate from other rare earths, but ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in the mid to late 20th century have simplified separation. Known compounds of ytterbium are rare—they haven't been well characterized yet. The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth crust is about 3 mg/kg.[3]

The most important current (2008) sources of ytterbium are the ionic adsorption clays of southern China. The "High Yttrium" concentrate derived from some versions of these comprise about two thirds yttria by weight, and 3-4% ytterbia. As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins rule, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors, thulium and lutetium, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0.5% each. The world production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting the fact that it finds little commercial application.[3]

[edit] Production

Recovery of ytterbium from ores involves several processes which are common to most rare-earth elements: 1) processing, 2) separation of Yb from other rare earths, 3) preparation of the metal. If the starting ore is gadolinite, it is digested with hydrochloric or nitric acid which dissolves the rare-earth metals. The solution is treated with sodium oxalate or oxalic acid to precipitate rare earths as oxalates. For euxenite, ore is processed either by fusion with potassium bisulfate or with hydrofluoric acid. Monazite or xenotime are heated either with sulfuric acid or with caustic soda.

Ytterbium is separated from other rare earths either by ion exchange or by reduction with sodium amalgam. In the latter method, a buffered acidic solution of trivalent rare earths is treated with molten sodium mercury alloy, which reduces and dissolves Yb3+. The alloy is treated with hydrochloric acid. The metal is extracted from the solution as oxalate and converted to oxide by heating. The oxide is reduced to metal by heating with lanthanum, aluminium, cerium or zirconium in high vacuum. The metal is purified by sublimation and collected over a condensed plate.[8]

[edit] Applications

[edit] Source of gamma rays

The 169Yb isotope has been used as a radiation source substitute for a portable X-ray machine when electricity was not available. Like X-rays, gamma rays pass through soft tissues of the body, but are blocked by bones and other dense materials. Thus, small 169Yb samples (which emit gamma rays) act like tiny X-ray machines useful for radiography of small objects. Experiment shows that radiographs taken with 169Yb source are roughly equivalent to those taken with X-rays having energies between 250 and 350 keV.[9]

[edit] Doping of stainless steel

Ytterbium could also be used to help improve the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. Some ytterbium alloys have been used in dentistry.[2][3]

[edit] Yb as dopant of active media

Yb is used as dopant in optical materials, usually in the form of ions in active laser media. Several powerful double-clad fiber lasers and disk lasers use Yb3+ ions as dopant at concentration of several atomic percent. Glasses (optical fibers), crystals and ceramics with Yb3+ are used.[10]

Ytterbium is often used as a doping material (as Yb3+) for high power and wavelength-tunable solid state lasers. Yb lasers commonly radiate in the 1.06–1.12 µm band being optically pumped at wavelength 900 nm–1 µm, dependently on the host and application. Small quantum defect makes Yb prospective dopant for efficient lasers and power scaling.[11]

The kinetic of excitations in Yb-doped materials is simple and can be described within concept of effective cross-sections; for the most of Yb-doped laser materials (as for many other optically pumped gain media), the McCumber relation holds,[10][12][13] although the application to the Yb-doped composite materials was under discussion.[14][15]

Usually, low concentrations of Yb are used. At high concentration of excitations, the Yb-doped materials show photodarkening[16] (glass fibers) or ever switch to the broadband emission [17] (crystals and ceramics) instead of the efficient laser action. This effect may be related with not only overheating, but also conditions of the charge compensation at high concentration of Yb ions.[18]

[edit] Others

Ytterbium metal increases its electrical resistivity when subjected to high stresses. This property is used in stress gauges to monitor ground deformations from earthquakes and explosions.[19]

[edit] Precautions

Although ytterbium is fairly stable, it nevertheless should be stored in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. All compounds of ytterbium should be treated as highly toxic although initial studies appear to indicate that the danger is limited. Ytterbium compounds are, however, known to cause skin and eye irritation and may be teratogenic.[20] Metallic ytterbium dust poses a fire and explosion hazard.

 

引用出處: 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbium

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具協助客戶設計刀具流程DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計超高硬度的切削刀具醫療配件刀具設計複合式再研磨機PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具粉末造粒成型機主機版專用頂級電桿PCBN刀具PCD刀具單晶刀具PCD V-Cut捨棄式圓鋸片組粉末成型機航空機械鉸刀主機版專用頂級電汽車業刀具設計電子產業鑽石刀具木工產業鑽石刀具銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolNAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end milldisc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting toolhss drillФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelCompound SharpenerMilling cutterINDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden FingerPCD V-CutterPCD Wood toolsPCD Cutting toolsPCD Circular Saw BladePVDD End Millsdiamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструменты Пустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘FresePOWDER FORMING MACHINEElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterStaple CutterPCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floorsV-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert PCD Diamond Tool Saw Blade with Indexable InsertNAS toolDIN or JIS toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsend mill grinderdrill grindersharpenerStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンドミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:

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(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計

(3)鎢鋼エンドミル設計

(4)航空エンドミル設計

(5)超高硬度エンドミル

(6)ダイヤモンドエンドミル

(7)医療用品エンドミル設計

(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンドミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:

(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンドミル設計

(2)ミクロエンドミル~大型エンドミル供給

(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給

(4)オートメーション整備調達

(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応

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Thulium ( /ˈθjuːliəm/ THEW-lee-əm) is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Thulium is the least abundant of the lanthanides (promethium is less abundant than thulium, but it is not found naturally on Earth). It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices and in solid-state lasers.

 

 

Contents

[hide]

  • 1 Properties
    • 1.1 Physical properties
    • 1.2 Chemical properties
    • 1.3 Isotopes
  • 2 History
  • 3 Occurrence and production
  • 4 Applications
    • 4.1 Laser
    • 4.2 X-ray source
    • 4.3 Others
  • 5 Biological role and precautions
  • 6 See also
  • 7 References
  • 8 External links

[edit] Properties

[edit] Physical properties

Pure thulium metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but should be protected from moisture. The metal is soft, malleable, and ductile.[1] Thulium is ferromagnetic below 32 K, antiferromagnetic between 32 and 56 K and paramagnetic above 56 K.[2]

[edit] Chemical properties

Thulium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 °C to form thulium(III) oxide:

 

4 Tm + 3 O2 → 2 Tm2O3

Thulium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form thulium hydroxide:

 

2 Tm (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Tm(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Thulium reacts with all the halogens. Reactions are slow at room temperature, but are vigorous above 200 °C:

 

2 Tm (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 TmF3 (s) [white]2 Tm (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 TmCl3 (s) [yellow]2 Tm (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 TmBr3 (s) [white]2 Tm (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 TmI3 (s) [yellow]

Thulium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the pale green Tm(III) ions, which exist as a [Tm(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[3]

 

2 Tm (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Tm3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Thulium reacts with various metallic and non-metallic elements forming a range of binary compounds, including TmN, TmS, TmC2, Tm2C3, TmH2, TmH3, TmSi2, TmGe3, TmB4, TmB6 and TmB12. In those compounds, thulium exhibits valence states +2, +3 and +4, however, the +3 state is most common and only this state has been observed in Tm solutions.[4]

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of thulium

Naturally occurring thulium is composed of one stable isotope, Tm-169 (100% natural abundance). Thirty one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Tm-171 with a half-life of 1.92 years, Tm-170 with a half-life of 128.6 days, Tm-168 with a half-life of 93.1 days, and Tm-167 with a half-life of 9.25 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 64 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 2 minutes. This element also has 14 meta states, with the most stable being Tm-164m (t½ 5.1 minutes), Tm-160m (t½ 74.5 seconds) and Tm-155m (t½ 45 seconds).

The isotopes of thulium range in atomic weight from 145.966 u (Tm-146) to 176.949 u (Tm-177). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Tm-169, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before Tm-169 are element 68 (erbium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 70 (ytterbium) isotopes.[5]

[edit] History

Thulium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Teodor Cleve in 1879 by looking for impurities in the oxides of other rare earth elements (this was the same method Carl Gustaf Mosander earlier used to discover some other rare earth elements). Cleve started by removing all of the known contaminants of erbia (Er2O3). Upon additional processing, he obtained two new substances; one brown and one green. The brown substance was the oxide of the element holmium and was named holmia by Cleve, and the green substance was the oxide of an unknown element. Cleve named the oxide thulia and its element thulium after Thule, Scandinavia.

Thulium was so rare that none of the early workers had enough of it to purify sufficiently to actually see the green color; they had to be content with spectroscopically observing the strengthening of the two characteristic absorption bands, as erbium was progressively removed. The first researcher to obtain nearly pure thulium was Charles James, a British expatriate working on a large scale at New Hampshire College in Durham. In 1911 he reported his results, having used his discovered method of bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He famously needed 15,000 "operations" to establish that the material was homogeneous.[6]

High-purity thulium oxide was first offered commercially in the late 1950s, as a result of the adoption of ion-exchange separation technology. Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash & Chemical Corporation offered it in grades of 99% and 99.9% purity. The price per kilogram has oscillated between US$ 4,600 and $13,300 in the period from 1959 to 1998 for 99.9% purity, and it was second highest for lanthanides behind lutetium.[7][8]

[edit] Occurrence and production

 

 

 

 

The element is never found in nature in pure form, but it is found in small quantities in minerals with other rare earths. Its abundance in the Earth crust is 0.5 mg/kg.[9] Thulium is principally extracted from monazite (~0.007% thulium) ores found in river sands, through ion-exchange. Newer ion-exchange and solvent-extraction techniques have led to easier separation of the rare earths, which has yielded much lower costs for thulium production. The principal sources today are the ion adsorption clays of southern China. In these, where about two-thirds of the total rare-earth content is yttrium, thulium is about 0.5% (or about tied with lutetium for rarity). The metal can be isolated through reduction of its oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction in a closed container. None of thulium's natural compounds are commercially important.[1]

[edit] Applications

Rare and expensive, thulium has few applications:

[edit] Laser

Holmium-chromium-thulium triple-doped YAG (Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG, or Ho,Cr,Tm:YAG) is an active laser medium material with high efficiency. It lases at 2097 nm and is widely used in military, medicine, and meteorology. Single-element thulium-doped YAG (Tm:YAG) lasers operate between 1930 and 2040 nm.[10] The wavelength of thulium-based lasers is very efficient for superficial ablation of tissue, with minimal coagulation depth in air or in water. This makes thulium lasers attractive for laser-based surgery.[11]

[edit] X-ray source

Despite its high cost, portable X-ray devices use thulium that has been bombarded in a nuclear reactor as a radiation source. These sources are available for about one year, as tools in medical and dental diagnosis, as well as to detect defects in inaccessible mechanical and electronic components. Such sources do not need extensive radiation protection – only a small cup of lead.[12]

[edit] Others

Thulium has been used in high temperature superconductors similarly to yttrium. Thulium potentially has use in ferrites, ceramic magnetic materials that are used in microwave equipment.[12]

[edit] Biological role and precautions

Thulium has no known biological role, although it has been noted that it stimulates metabolism. Soluble thulium salts are regarded as slightly toxic if taken in large amounts, but the insoluble salts are non-toxic. Thulium is not taken up by plant roots to any extent and thus does not get into the human food chain. Vegetables typically contain only one milligram of thulium per tonne (dry weight).[9

 

引用出處: 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium

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BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

 

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铥:原子序数69,原子量168.93421,元素名来源于发现者的国家名。1879年瑞典科学家克莱夫从铒土中分离出铥和钬两种新元素。铥在地壳中的含量为十万分之二,是稀土元素中含量最少的元素,主要存在于磷钇矿和黑稀金矿中,天然稳定同位素只有铥169。

目录

 

基本字义介绍元素组成铥元素的发现来源及用途发现简史铥的性质资源介绍铥的用途

 

基本字义介绍元素组成铥元素的发现来源及用途发现简史铥的性质资源介绍

  • 铥的用途

展开

编辑本段基本字义

拼 音:   diū 繁体字:铥   部首:钅,部外笔画:6,总笔画:11 ; 繁体部首:金,部外笔画:6,总笔画:14   五笔86&98:QTFC 仓颉:XCHGI    笔顺编号:31115312154 四角号码:82732 UniCode:CJK 统一汉字 U+94E5   基本字义:

 

金属铥

● 铥   (铥)   diūㄉㄧㄡˉ   ◎ 一种金属元素,属稀土金属。银色,质软,可用于制不需电源的手提简易X射线机。   汉英互译:   ◎ 铥   Thulium(Tm)   English

编辑本段介绍

铥 为银白色金属,有延展性,质较软可用刀切开;熔点1545°C,沸点1947°C,密度9.3208。铥在空气中比较稳定;氧化铥为淡绿色晶体。铥的用途 不多,主要是做金属卤素灯的添加剂。银白色金属,质软,熔点时具有高的蒸气压。溶于酸,能与水起缓慢化学作用。盐类(二价盐)氧化物都呈淡绿色。

编辑本段元素组成

元素名称:铥   元素原子量:168.9   原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔):18.1

 

元 素在太阳中的含量:(ppm):0.0002   元素在海水中的含量:(ppm):大西洋表面 0.00000013   晶体结构:晶胞为六方晶胞。   晶胞参数:   a = 353.75 pm   b = 353.75 pm   c = 555.46 pm   α = 90°   β = 90°   γ = 120°   地壳中含量:(ppm):0.48   维氏硬度:520MPa   氧化态:Main Tm+3   电离能 (kJ /mol)   M - M+ 596.7   M+ - M2+ 1163   M2+ - M3+ 2285   M3+ - M4+ 4119   相对原子质量:168.934   常见化合价:+3   电负性:1.25   外围电子排布:4f13 6s2   核外电子排布:2,8,18,31,8,2   同位素及放射线:Tm-168[93.1d] Tm-169 Tm-170[128.6d] Tm-171[1.92y] Tm-172[2.65d]   电子亲合和能:0 KJ•mol-1

 

铥激光外科微创手术

第 一电离能:596.4 KJ•mol-1   第二电离能:1163 KJ•mol-1   第三电离能:0 KJ•mol-1   单质密度: 9.321 g/cm3   单质熔点: 1545.0 ℃   单质沸点: 1727.0 ℃   原子半径: 2.42 埃   离子半径: 1.09(+3) 埃   共价半径: 1.56 埃

编辑本段铥元素的发现

发现人:克利夫(P.T.Cleve)   发现年代:1878年

 

高纯试剂 氧化铥

发 现过程:1878年,由克利夫(P.T.Cleve)发现的。   1842年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后,不少化学家利 用光谱分析鉴定,确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物,这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它们。在从氧化饵分离出氧化镱和氧化钪以后,1879年克利夫又分离 出两个新元素的氧化物。其中一个被命名为thulium,以纪念克利夫的祖国所在地斯堪的纳维亚半岛(Thulia),元素符号曾为Tu,今用Tm。随着 铥以及其他一些稀土元素的发现,完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。

编辑本段来源及用途

元 素来源:由无水氟化铥TmF3用该还原制得;或用金属镧与铥氧化物的混合物中蒸气硫制得。与其他稀土元素共存于硅铍钇矿、黑稀金矿、磷钇矿和独居石中。独 居石含稀土元素的质量分数一般达50%,其中铥占0.007%。   元素用途:在核反应中照射169Tm,生成170Tm,半衰期为129天,这个同位素克发射出很强的X射线。用它来制造轻便的,不需电源的手提式X射 线机,也用作磷光体活化剂。在便携式X射线机上使用放射性铥作射线源,这样可以不必使用电气设备。   名称由来:得名于斯堪的纳维亚半岛的旧称“Thule”。

编辑本段发现简史

铥是稀土 金属中的一种。稀土是历史遗留的名称,从18世纪末叶开始被陆续发现。当时人们惯于把不溶于水的固体氧化物称作土,例如把氧化铝叫做陶土,氧化镁叫苦土。 稀土是以氧化物状态分离出来,很稀少,因而得名稀土,稀土元素的原子序数是21(Sc)、39(Y)、57(La)至71(Lu)。它们的化学性质很相 似,这是由于核外电子结构特点所决定的。它们一般均生成三价化合物。钪的化学性质与其它稀土差别明显,一般稀土矿物中不含钪。钷是从铀反应堆裂变产物中获 得,放射性元素147Pm半衰期2.7年。过去认为钷在自然界中不存在,直到1965年,荷兰的一个磷酸盐工厂在处理磷灰石中,才发现了钷的痕量成分。   中国1968年将钷划入64种有色金属之外。 1787年瑞典人阿累尼斯(C.A.Arrhenius)在斯德哥尔摩(Stockholm)附近的伊特比(Ytterby)小镇上寻得了一块不寻常的黑 色矿石,1794年芬兰化 学家加多林(J.Gadolin)研究了这种矿石,从其中分离出一种新物质,三年后(1797年),瑞典人爱克伯格(A.G.Ekeberg)证实了这一 发现,并以发现地名给新的物质命名为Ytteia(钇土)。后来为了纪念加多林,称这种矿石为Gadolinite(加多林矿,即硅铍钇矿)。 1803年德国化 学家克拉普罗兹(M.H.Klaproth)和瑞典化学家柏齐力阿斯(J.J.Berzelius)及希生格尔(W.Hisinger)同时分别从另一矿 石(铈硅矿)中发现了另一种新的物质---铈土(Ceria)。1839年瑞典人莫桑得尔(C.G.Mosander)发现了镧和镨钕混合物 (didymium)。   1885年奥地利人威斯巴克(A.V.Welsbach)从莫桑得尔认为是“新元素”的镨钕混合物中发现了镨和钕。1879年法国人布瓦普德朗 (L.D.Boisbauder)发现了钐。1901年法国人德马尔赛(E.A.Demarcay)发现了铕。1880年瑞士马利纳克(J.C.G.De Marignac)发现了钆。1843年莫桑得尔发现了铽和铒。1886年布瓦普德朗发现了镝。1879年瑞典人克利夫(P.T.Cleve)发现了钬和 铥。1974年美国人马瑞斯克(J.A.Marisky)等从铀裂产物中得到钷。1879年瑞典人尼尔松(L.F.Nilson)发现了钪。从1794年 加多林分离出钇土至1947年制得钷,历时150多年。

编辑本段铥的性质

稀土金属的光泽 介于银和铁之间。杂质含量对它们的性质影响很大,因而载于文献中物理性质常有明显差异。镧在6°K时是超导体。大多数稀土金属呈现顺磁性,钆在0℃时比铁 具有更强的铁磁性。铽、镝、钬、铒等在低温下也呈现铁磁性。镧、铈的低熔点和钐、铕、镱的 高蒸气压表现出稀土金属的物理性质有极大差异。钐、铕、钆的热中子吸收截面比广泛用于核反应堆控制材料的镉、硼还大。稀土金属具有可塑性,以钐和意为最 好。除镱外,钇组稀土较铈组稀土具有更高的硬度。稀土金属的化学活性很强。当和氧作用时,生成稳定性很高的R2O3型氧化物(R表示稀土金属)。铈、镨、 铽还生成CeO2、Pr6O11、TbO2型氧化物。它们的标准生成热和标准自由焓负值比钙、铝、镁氧化物的值还大。   稀土氧化物的熔点在2000℃以上,铕的原子半径最大,性质最活泼,在室温下暴露于空气中立即失去光泽,很快氧化成粉末。镧、铈是、镨、钕也易于氧 化,在表面生成氧化物薄膜。金属钇、钆、 镥的抗腐蚀性强,能较长时间地保持其金属光泽。稀土金属能以不同速率与水反应。铕与冷水剧烈反应释放出氢。铈组稀土金属在室温下与水反应缓慢,温度增高则 反应加快。钇组稀土金属则较为稳定。稀土金属在高温下与卤素反应生成+2、+3、+4价的卤化物。无水卤化物吸水性很强,很容易水解生成ROX(X表示卤 素)型卤氧化合物。稀土金属还能和硼、碳、硫、氢、氮反应生成相应的化合物。

编辑本段资源介绍

目 前世界上已知的稀土矿物及含有稀土元素的矿物有250多种,稀土元素含量较高的矿物有60多种,有工业价值的不到10种。我国稀土资源极其丰富,其特点可 概括为:储量大、品种全、有价值的元素含量高、分布广。中国稀土的工业储量(按氧化物计)是国外稀土工业储量的2.2倍。国外稀土资源集中在美国、印度、 巴西、澳大利亚和苏联等国,工业储量(按氧化物计)为701.11万吨。

编辑本段铥的用途

稀 土金属及其合金在炼钢中起脱氧脱硫作用,能使两者的含量降低到0.001%以下,并改变夹杂物的形态,细化晶粒,从而改善钢的加工性能,提高强度、韧性、 耐腐蚀性和抗氧化性等。稀土金属及其合金用于制造球墨铸铁、高强灰铸铁和蠕墨铸铁,能改变铸铁中石墨的形态,改善铸造工艺,提高铸铁的机械性能。在青铜和 黄铜冶炼中添加少量的稀土金属能提高合金的强度、延伸率、耐热性和导电性。在铸造铝硅合金中添加1%-1.5%的稀土金属,可以提高高温强度。在铝合金导 线中添加稀土金属,能提高抗张强度和耐腐蚀性。Fe-Cr-Al电热合金中添加0.3%的稀土金属,能提高抗氧化能力,增加电阻率和高温强度。在钛及其合 金中添加稀土金属能细化晶粒,降低蠕变率,改善高温抗腐蚀性能。用铈族混合稀土氯化物和富镧稀土氯化物制备的微球分子筛,用于石油催化裂化过程。稀土金属 和过渡金属复合氧化物催化剂用于氧化净化,能使一氧化碳和碳氢化物转化为二氧化碳和水。镨钕环烷—烷基铝—氯化烷基铝三元体系催化剂用于合成橡胶。

 

金属铥

稀 土抛光粉用于各种玻璃器件的抛光。单一的高纯稀土氧化物用于合成各种荧光体,如彩色电视红 色荧光粉、投影电视白色荧光粉等荧光材料。稀土金属碘化物用于制造金属卤素灯,代替碳精棒电弧灯作照明光源。用稀土金属制备的稀土—钴硬磁合金,具有高剩 磁、高矫顽力的优点。钇铁石榴石铁氧体是用高纯Y2O3和氧化铁制成单晶或多晶的铁磁材料。它们用于微波器件。高纯Gd2O3用于制备钇镓石榴石,它的单 晶用 作磁泡的基片。金属镧和镍制成的LaNi5贮氢材料,吸氢和放氢速度快,每摩尔LaNi5可贮存6.5—6.7摩尔氢。在原子能工业中,利用铕和钆的同位 素的中子吸收截面大的特性,作轻水堆和快中子增殖堆的控制棒和中子吸收剂。稀土元素作为微量化肥,对农作物有增产效果。打火石是稀土发火合金的传统用途, 目前仍是铈组稀土金属的重要用途。

引用出處: 

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