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Erbium ( /ˈɜrbiəm/) is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden.

Erbium's principal uses involve its pink-colored Er3+ ions, which have optical fluorescent properties particularly useful in certain laser applications. Erbium-doped glasses or crystals can be used as optical amplification media, where erbium (III) ions are optically pumped at around 980 nm or 1480 nm and then radiate light at 1530 nm in stimulated emission. This process results in an unusually mechanically simple laser optical amplifier for signals transmitted by fiber optics. The 1550 nm wavelength is especially important for optical communications because standard single mode optical fibers have minimal loss at this particular wavelength. In addition to optical fiber lasers, a large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption coefficient about 12,000/cm).

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Characteristics
  • 1.1 Physical properties
  • 1.2 Chemical properties
  • 1.3 Isotopes
• 2 History
• 3 Occurrence
• 4 Production
• 5 Applications
• 6 Precautions
• 7 See also
• 8 References
• 9 Further reading
• 10 External links

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Physical properties

Erbium(III)chloride in sunlight, showing some pink fluorescence of Er+3 from natural ultraviolet.

A trivalent element, pure erbium metal is malleable (or easily shaped), soft yet stable in air, and does not oxidize as quickly as some other rare-earth metals. Its salts are rose-colored, and the element has characteristic sharp absorption spectra bands in visible light, ultraviolet, and near infrared. Otherwise it looks much like the other rare earths. Its sesquioxide is called erbia. Erbium's properties are to a degree dictated by the kind and amount of impurities present. Erbium does not play any known biological role, but is thought to be able to stimulate metabolism.[1]

Erbium is ferromagnetic below 19 K, antiferromagnetic between 19 and 80 K and paramagnetic above 80 K.[2]

Erbium can form propeller-shaped atomic clusters Er3N, where the distance between the erbium atoms is 0.35 nm. Those clusters can be isolated by encapsulating them into fullerene molecules, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.[3]

[edit] Chemical properties

Erbium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form erbium(III) oxide:

4 Er + 3 O2 → 2 Er2O3

Erbium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form erbium hydroxide:

2 Er (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Er(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Erbium metal reacts with all the halogens:

2 Er (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 ErF3 (s) [pink]2 Er (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 ErCl3 (s) [violet]2 Er (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 ErBr3 (s) [violet]2 Er (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 ErI3 (s) [violet]

Erbium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing hydrated Er(III) ions, which exist as yellow [Er(OH2)9]3+ hydration complexes:[4]

2 Er (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Er3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of erbium

Naturally occurring erbium is composed of 6 stable isotopes, 162

Er, 164

Er, 166

Er, 167

Er, 168

Er, and 170

Er with 166

Er being the most abundant (33.503% natural abundance). 29 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169

Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, 172

Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, 160

Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, 165

Er with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and 171

Er with a half-life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes. This element also has 13 meta states, with the most stable being 167m

Er with a half-life of 2.269 seconds.[5]

The isotopes of erbium range in atomic weight from 142.9663 u (143

Er) to 176.9541 u (177

Er). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 166

Er, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta decay. The primary decay products before 166

Er are element 67 (holmium) isotopes, and the primary products after are element 69 (thulium) isotopes.[5]

[edit] History

Erbium (for Ytterby, a village in Sweden) was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843.[6] Mosander separated "yttria" from the mineral gadolinite into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. He named the new element after the village of Ytterby where large concentrations of yttria and erbium are located. Erbia and terbia, however, were confused at this time. After 1860, terbia was renamed erbia and after 1877 what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia. Fairly pure Er2O3 was independently isolated in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James. Reasonably pure metal wasn't produced until 1934 when Klemm and Bommer reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. It was only in the 1990s that the price for Chinese-derived erbium oxide became low enough for erbium to be considered for use as a colorant in art glass.[7]

[edit] Occurrence

Monazite sand

The concentration of erbium in the Earth crust is about 2.8 mg/kg and in the sea water 0.9 ng/L.[8] This concentration is enough to make erbium about 45th in elemental abundance in the Earth's crust, more common than more familiar elements such as lead.

Like other rare earths, this element is never found as a free element in nature but is found bound in monazite sand ores. It has historically been very difficult and expensive to separate rare earths from each other in their ores but ion-exchange production techniques[9] developed in the late 20th century have greatly brought down the cost of production of all rare-earth metals and their chemical compounds.

The principal commercial sources of erbium are from the minerals xenotime and euxenite, and most recently, the ion adsorption clays of southern China; in consequence, China has now become the principal global supplier of this element. In the high-yttrium versions of these ore concentrates, yttrium is about two-thirds of the total by weight, and erbia is about 4-5%. When the concentrate is dissolved in acid, the erbia liberates enough erbium ion to impart a distinct and characteristic pink color to the solution. This color behavior is similar to what Mosander and the other early workers in the lanthanides would have seen in their extracts from the gadolinite minerals of Ytterby.

[edit] Production

Crushed minerals are attacked by hydrochloric or sulfuric acid that transforms insoluble rare-earth oxides into soluble chlorides or sulfates. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) to pH 3-4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths into their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO3. The solution is treated with magnesium nitrate to produce a crystallized mixture of double salts of rare-earth metals. The salts are separated by ion exchange. In this process, rare-earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. The rare earth ions are then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent.[8] Erbium metal is obtained from its oxide or salts by heating with calcium at 1450 °C under argon atmosphere.[8]

[edit] Applications

Erbium's everyday uses are varied. It is commonly used as a photographic filter, and because of its resilience it is useful as a metallurgical additive. Other uses:

• Used in nuclear technology in neutron-absorbing control rods.[1][10]
• When added to vanadium as an alloy, erbium lowers hardness and improves workability.[11]
• Erbium oxide has a pink color, and is sometimes used as a colorant for glass, cubic zirconia and porcelain. The glass is then often used in sunglasses and cheap jewelry.[11]
• Erbium-doped optical silica-glass fibers are the active element in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which are widely used in optical communications.[12] The same fibers can be used to create fiber lasers. Co-doping of optical fiber with Er and Yb is used in high-power Er/Yb fiber lasers, which gradually replace CO2 lasers for metal welding and cutting applications. Erbium can also be used in erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers.[1]
• An erbium-nickel alloy Er3Ni has an unusually high specific heat capacity at liquid-helium temperatures and is used in cryocoolers; a mixture of 65% Er3Co and 35% Er0.9Yb0.1Ni by volume improves the specific heat capacity even more.[13][14]
• A large variety of medical applications (i.e. dermatology, dentistry) utilize erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser), which is highly absorbed in water (absorption coefficient about 12000/cm). Such shallow tissue deposition of laser energy is necessary for laser surgery, and the efficient production of steam for laser enamel ablation in dentistry.

[edit] Precautions

As with the other lanthanides, erbium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Metallic erbium in dust form presents a fire and explosion hazard.

引用出處： 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium

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原子序数68，原子量167.26，元素名来源于钇 土的发现地。 铒1843年瑞典科学家莫桑德尔用分级沉淀法从钇土中发现铒的氧化物，1860年正式命名。铒在地壳中的含量为0.000247%，存在于许多稀土矿中。 有六种天然同位素：铒162、164、166、167、168、170。

目录

概况简介综合性质发现来源及用途氧化铒毒铒硝酸铒

编辑本段概况

铒 拼音:èr　ěr　繁体字:铒 　　部首:钅,部外笔画:6,总笔画:11 ; 繁体部首:金,部外笔画:6,总笔画:14

铒

五 笔86&98:QBG　仓颉:XCSJ　 　　笔顺编号:31115122111　四角号码:81740　UniCode:CJK 统一汉字 U+94D2 　　基本字义 　　● 铒 　　（铒） 　　ěrㄦˇ 　　◎ 一种金属元素，属稀土金属。银白色。有光泽，质软，能使水分解。用于制玻璃、陶瓷等，亦用于制特种合金。 　　汉英互译 　　◎ 铒 　　Erbium(Er) 　　English 　　◎ erbium

编辑本段简介

铒为深灰色粉末；熔点1529°C，沸点2863°C，密度9.006克/厘米³；铒在低温下是反铁磁性的，在接近绝

铒

对 零度时为强铁磁性，并为超导体。铒在室温下缓慢被空气和水氧化，氧化铒为玫瑰红色。铒可用作反应堆控制材料；铒也可作某些荧光材料的激活剂。第一电离能 6.10电子伏特。与钬、镝的化学性质和物理性质几乎完全相同。银灰色金属，质软，不溶于水，溶于酸。盐类和氧化物呈粉红至红色。铒的同位素 有：162Er、164Er、166Er、167Er、168Er、170Er。

编辑本段综合性质

元素名称：饵 　　元素符号： Er 　　英文名： Erbium

铒

元 素原子量：167.3 　　体积弹性模量：Gpa：44.4 　　原子化焓：kJ /mol @25℃：314 　　热容：J /（mol•K）：28.12 　　导电性：10^6/(cm•Ω)：0.0117 　　导热系数：W/（m•K）：14.5 　　熔化热:(千焦/摩尔)：19.90 　　汽化热:(千焦/摩尔)：261.0 　　原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔)：18.4 　　铒激光器头 　　氧化态：Main Er+3 　　Other 　　元素在宇宙中的含量:(ppm)：0.002 　　元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：0.001 　　元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：大西洋表面 0.00000059 　　地壳中含量：（ppm）：3.8 　　晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。 　　晶胞参数： 　　a = 355.88 pm 　　b = 355.88 pm 　　c = 558.74 pm 　　α = 90° 　　β = 90° 　　γ = 120° 　　维氏硬度：589MPa 　　声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2830 　　电离能 (kJ /mol) 　　M - M+ 588.7 　　M+ - M2+ 1151 　　M2+ - M3+ 2194 　　M3+ - M4+ 4115 　　元素类型：金属 　　元素符号： Er 英文名： Erbium 中文名： 铒 　　相对原子质量：167.2 　　常见化合价： +3 　　电负性： 1.24 　　外围电子排布：4f12 6s2 　　核外电子排布： 2,8,18,30,8,2 　　同位素及放射线：Er-162 Er-164 *Er-166 Er-167 Er-168 Er-169[9.4d] Er-170 Er-171[7.5h] Er-172[2.1d] 　　电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　超凡铒激光整形美容仪 　　第一电离能：589 KJ•mol-1 　　第二电离能： 1151 KJ•mol-1 　　第三电离能： 0 KJ•mol-1 　　单质密度： 8.795 g/cm3 　　单质熔点： 1522.0 ℃ 　　单质沸点： 2510.0 ℃ 　　原子半径： 2.45 埃 　　离子半径： 1.00(+3) 埃 　　共价半径： 1.57 埃

编辑本段发现

发现人：莫桑德尔（C.G.Mosander） 　　发现年代：1843年 　　发现过程：1843年，由莫桑德尔（C.G.Mosander）发现。他原来将铒德氧化物命名为氧化铽，因此，早

铒

期 德文献中，氧化铽和氧化铒是混同的。直到1860年以后，才得纠正。 　　在发现镧的同一时期里，莫桑德尔对最初发现的钇进行了分析研究，并于1842年发表报告，明确最初发现的钇土不是单一的元素氧化物，而是三种元素的氧 化物。他把其中的一种仍称为钇土，其中一种命名为erbia（铒土）。元素符号定为Er。它的命名来源和钇一样，出自最初发现钇矿石的产地，瑞典斯德哥尔 摩附近的小镇乙特比（Ytterby）。铒和另两个元素镧、铽的发现打开了发现稀土元素的第二道大门，是发现稀土元素的第二阶段。他们的发现是继铈和钇两 个元素后又找到稀土元素中的三个。

编辑本段来源及用途

元素来源：存在于火成岩中，可由电 解熔融氯化铒ErCl3而制得，与其他密度较大的稀土元素共存于磷钇矿和黑稀金矿中。 　　元素用途：它得氧化物Er2O3为玫瑰红色，用来制造陶器得釉彩。陶瓷业中使用氧化铒产生一种粉红色的釉质。铒在核工业中也有一些应用，还能作为其他 金属的合金成分。例如钒中掺入铒能够增强其延展性。

编辑本段氧化铒

氧化铒：erbium oxide 　　氧化铒 　　分子式：Er2O3 　　性质：Er2O3 粉红色粉末。密度8.64。熔点2378℃。沸点3000℃。不溶于水，溶于酸。主要用作钇铁柘榴石添加剂和核反应堆控制材料，也用于制造特种发光玻璃和 吸收红外线的玻璃，还用作玻璃着色剂。由硝酸铒或硫酸铒溶液与碱反应后，经分离、灼烧而得。仅有Er2O3一种稳定的化合物。是体心立方和单斜两种结构的 粉状物。Er2O3磁矩也较大，为9.5M.B.。其他性质及制备方法同于镧系元素。制做粉红色玻璃。

编辑本段毒铒

拌入毒药制成的食料,用以诱杀害虫，老鼠等.毒饵灭鼠常识，如果使用和管理方法正确，毒饵灭鼠不失为一

铒

种 投入少、见效快的灭鼠方法，但应选择高效低毒的灭鼠药，并且要特别注意安全管理。灭鼠药分为急性灭鼠药和慢性灭鼠药两大类，一般应采用安全、高效的慢性灭 鼠药，如杀鼠迷、敌鼠钠盐、溴敌隆等。近几年来大面积灭鼠，使用的毒饵也都是慢性灭鼠药，此类药作用慢、症状较轻，不会引起鼠类拒食，万一人畜误中毒又有 特效解毒药，是高效安全的灭鼠剂。 　　灭鼠药的诱饵可选择小麦、稻谷、碎玉米等原粮，不宜用熟食，更不能用饼干、方便面等，以免被人误食。毒饵必须选用一般食品不用的深蓝或黑色作为警告 色。鼠药浓度是：杀鼠醚0.0375％，敌鼠钠盐0.025％，溴敌隆0.005％。黏着剂用量是3％至4％。为提高毒饵对老鼠的吸引力，可在其中加入 5％左右的糖或0.5％的食盐，亦可加0.1％的味精或2％的白酒。 　　毒饵应投放在老鼠经常出没的地方（俗称“鼠道”），一般可投放在距离墙根10厘米至15厘米 处，每堆二三十克，次日检查，吃多少补多少，吃光加倍，连续检查，投放期至少应在2周以上。鼠患较严重的单位可以利用空心砖、专用毒饵箱在墙根边长期投放 一些毒鼠饵，做到长年灭鼠。在大范围灭鼠活动中，如预先断绝鼠粮然后用同一药物同一时间投放毒饵，灭鼠效果会更好。 　　急性灭鼠药，如“三步倒”、“毒鼠强”、“鼠立死”等属国家禁 用的剧毒药，有的市民为图方便，向街头巷尾的无证小贩购买此类杀鼠药来使用，是错误和危险的。这类药含有国家明令禁止的氟乙酰胺等成分，人畜误服后可迅速 中毒致死，而且易造成二次中毒甚至三次中毒，又没有特效解毒剂，危害极大。另外，根据鼠类的生活习性，急性灭鼠药的长期灭鼠效果远不如慢性灭鼠药，对灭鼠 是不利的。

编辑本段硝酸铒

[英]Erbium Nitrate 　　化学式：Er(NO3)3•6H2O 　　相对分子质量: 443.30 　　熔点: 130℃(失去4个分子结晶水) 　　形 状：粉红色粒状结晶，溶于水和醇，遇热脱水，在潮湿空气中易潮解。 　　用 途：用于是间化合物、玻璃、化学试剂等行业。 　　包 装：采用双层复合塑料袋真空包装，每袋净重为1、2、5kg，置于纸桶（铁桶、 塑料桶）中，每桶净重40kg 或50kg。 　　【火灾危险】：与有机物, 还原剂及易燃物硫、磷等混和后, 摩擦、撞击, 有引起燃烧爆炸的危险。 　　【处置方法】：雾状水、砂土。

引用出處： 

 http://baike.baidu.com/view/38270.htm

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

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BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

Holmium ( /ˈhoʊlmiəm/ HOHL-mee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. A rare earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any element and therefore is used for the polepieces of the strongest static magnets. Because holmium strongly absorbs nuclear fission-bred neutrons, it is also used in nuclear control rods.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Characteristics
  • 1.1 Physical properties
  • 1.2 Chemical properties
  • 1.3 Isotopes
• 2 History
• 3 Occurrence and production
• 4 Applications
• 5 Precautions
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Physical properties

Ho2O3, left: natural light, right: fluorescent lamp light

Holmium is a relatively soft and malleable element that is fairly corrosion-resistant and stable in dry air at standard temperature and pressure. In moist air and at higher temperatures, however, it quickly oxidizes, forming a yellowish oxide. In pure form, holmium possesses a metallic, bright silvery luster.

Holmium oxide has some fairly dramatic color changes depending on the lighting conditions. In daylight, it is a tannish yellow color. Under trichromatic light, it is a fiery orange red, almost indistinguishable from the way erbium oxide looks under this same lighting. This is related to the sharp emission bands of the phosphors.[1]

A trivalent metallic rare earth element, holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6 

µ

B) of any naturally occurring element and possesses other unusual magnetic properties. When combined with yttrium, it forms highly magnetic compounds.[2] Holmium is paramagnetic at ambient conditions, but is ferromagnetic at temperatures below 19 K.[3]

[edit] Chemical properties

Holmium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form holmium(III) oxide:

4 Ho + 3 O2 → 2 Ho2O3

Holmium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form holmium hydroxide:

2 Ho (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Ho(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Holmium metal reacts with all the halogens:

2 Ho (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 HoF3 (s) [pink]2 Ho (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 HoCl3 (s) [yellow]2 Ho (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 HoBr3 (s) [yellow]2 Ho (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 HoI3 (s) [yellow]

Holmium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the yellow Ho(III) ions, which exist as a [Ho(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[4]

2 Ho (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Ho3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of holmium

Natural holmium contains one stable isotope, holmium-165. Some synthetic radioactive isotopes are known; the most stable one is holmium-163, with a half life of 4570 years. All other radioisotopes have ground-state half lives not greater than 1.117 days, and most have half lives under 3 hours. However, the metastable 166m1Ho has a half life of around 1200 years because of its high spin. This fact, combined with a high excitation energy resulting in a particularly rich spectrum of decay gamma rays produced when the metastable state de-excites, makes this isotope useful in nuclear physics experiments as a means for calibrating energy responses and intrinsic efficiencies of gamma ray spectrometers.

[edit] History

Holmium (Holmia, Latin name for Stockholm) was discovered by Marc Delafontaine and Jacques-Louis Soret in 1878 who noticed the aberrant spectrographic absorption bands of the then-unknown element (they called it "Element X").[5][6] Later in 1878, Per Teodor Cleve independently discovered the element while he was working on erbia earth (erbium oxide).[7][8]

Using the method developed by Carl Gustaf Mosander, Cleve first removed all of the known contaminants from erbia. The result of that effort was two new materials, one brown and one green. He named the brown substance holmia (after the Latin name for Cleve's home town, Stockholm) and the green one thulia. Holmia was later found to be the holmium oxide and thulia was thulium oxide.[9]

[edit] Occurrence and production

Gadolinite

Like all other rare earths, holmium is not naturally found as a free element. It does occur combined with other elements in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. The main mining areas are China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia with reserves of holmium estimated as 400,000 tonnes.[9]

It is commercially extracted via ion-exchange from monazite sand (0.05% holmium) but is still difficult to separate from other rare earths. The element has been isolated through the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with metallic calcium.[10] Its estimated abundance in the Earth's crust is 1.3 mg/kg. Holmium obeys the Oddo-Harkins rule: as an odd-numbered element, it is less abundant than its immediate even-numbered neighbors, dysprosium and erbium. However, it is the most abundant of the odd-numbered heavy lanthanides. The principal current source are some of the ion-adsorption clays of southern China. Some of these have a rare-earth composition similar to that found in xenotime or gadolinite. Yttrium makes up about two-thirds of the total by weight; holmium is around 1.5%. The original ores themselves are very lean, maybe only 0.1% total lanthanide, but are easily extracted.[11] Holmium is relatively inexpensive for a rare-earth metal with the price about US$ 1000 per kg.[12]

[edit] Applications

A solution of 4% holmium oxide in 10% perchloric acid, permanently fused into a quartz cuvette as an optical calibration standard

Holmium has the highest magnetic strength of any element, and therefore is used to create the strongest artificially generated magnetic fields, when placed within high-strength magnets as a magnetic pole piece (also called a magnetic flux concentrator). Since it can absorb nuclear fission-bred neutrons, it is also used in nuclear control rods.[9]

Holmium is used in yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG)- and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid-state lasers found in microwave equipment (which are in turn found in a variety of medical and dental settings). Holmium lasers emit at 2.08 micrometres, and therefore are safe to eyes. They are used in medical, dental, and fiber-optical applications.[2]

Holmium is one of the colorants used for cubic zirconia and glass, providing yellow or red coloring.[13] Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions (usually in perchloric acid) have sharp optical absorption peaks in the spectral range 200–900 nm. They are therefore used as a calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers,[14] and are available commercially.[15]

The radioactive but long-lived Ho-166m1 (see "Isotopes" above) is used in calibration of gamma ray spectrometers.[16]

[edit] Precautions

The element, as with other rare earths, appears to have a low degree of acute toxicity. Holmium plays no biological role in humans, but may be able to stimulate metabolism.

引用出處： 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

原子序数67，原子量164.93032，元素名来 源于发现者的出生地。 钬1878年索里特从铒土的光谱中发现钬，次年瑞典的克莱夫用化学方法从铒土中分离出钬。钬在地壳中的含量为0.000115%，与其它稀土元素一起存在 于独居石和稀土矿中。天然稳定同位素只有钬165。

目录

简介性质发现特征钬激光用途钬激光治疗仪

1. 介绍
2. 产品特点

简介性质发现特征钬激光用途钬激光治疗仪

1. 介绍
2. 产品特点

展开

编辑本段简介

钬为银白色金属，质较软，有延展性；熔点1474°C，沸点2695°C，密度8.7947克/厘

钬

米³。钬在干燥空气中稳定，高温时很快氧化；氧化钬是已知顺磁性最强的物质。获得化合物可做新型铁磁材料的添加剂；碘化钬用于制造金属卤素灯—钬灯。

编辑本段性质

元 素名称：钬 　　元素原子量：164.9 　　元素类型：金属 　　体积弹性模量：Gpa：40.2 　　原子化焓：kJ /mol @25℃：301 　　热容：J /（mol• K）：27.15 　　导电性：10^6/(cm •Ω )：0.0124 　　导热系数：W/（m•K）：16.2 　　熔化热：(千焦/摩尔)：12.20 　　汽化热：(千焦/摩尔)：241.0 　　原子体积：(立方厘米/摩尔)：18.7 　　元素在宇宙中的含量：(ppm)：0.0005 　　元素在海水中的含量太平洋表面 0.00000016 　　地壳中含量（ppm）：1.4 　　晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。 　　氧化态：Main Ho+3 　　声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2760 　　电离能 (kJ /mol) 　　M - M+ 580.7 　　M+ - M2+ 1139 　　M2+ - M3+ 2204

氧化钬

M3+ - M4+ 4100 　　相对原子质量：164.93 　　常见化合价： +3 　　电负性： 1.23 　　外围电子排布：4f11 6s2 　　核外电子排布： 2,8,18,29,8,2 　　同位素及放射线：Ho-163[4570y] Ho-165 Ho-166[1.1d] 　　电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　第一电离能：581 KJ•mol-1 　　第二电离能：1139 KJ•mol-1 　　第三电离能：0 KJ•mol-1 　　单质密度：8.54 g/cm3 　　单质熔点： 1470.0 ℃ 　　单质沸点： 2720.0 ℃ 　　原子半径：2.47 埃 　　共价半径： 1.58 埃 　　维氏硬度：481MPa

编辑本段发现

发现人：索里特（J.L.Soret）、克利夫（P.T.Cleve） 　　发现年代：1878至1879年。 　　发现过程：1878年为索里特（J.L.Soret）发现；1879年又被克利夫（P.T.Cleve

钬激光治疗仪

） 发现。 　　1842年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后，不少化学家利用光谱分析鉴定，确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物，这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它 们。在从氧化饵分离出氧化镱和氧化钪以后，1879年克利夫又分离出两个新元素的氧化物。其中一个被命名为holmium，以纪念克利夫的出生地，瑞典首 都斯德哥尔摩古代的拉丁名称Holmia，元素符号Ho。其后1886年布瓦博德朗又从钬中分离出了另一元素，但钬的名称被保留了。随着钬以及其他一些稀 土元素的发现，完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。

编辑本段特征

它和镝一样，是一种能 够吸收核分裂所产生的中子的金属。 　　在核子反应炉中，一方面不断燃烧，一方面控制连锁反应的速度。 　　元素描述：第一电离能6.02电子伏特。有金属光泽。与水能缓慢起作用，溶于稀酸。盐类是黄色。氧化物Ho2O2为淡绿色。溶于矿物酸而产生三价离子 黄色盐。 　　元素来源：由氟化钬HoF3•2H2O用钙还原而制得。

编辑本段钬激光

钬 激光碎石技术：医用钬激光碎石，它适用于体外冲击波碎石法无法碎解的、坚硬的肾结石、输尿管结石和膀胱结石。医用钬激光碎石时，医用钬激光的纤细光纤借助 膀胱镜和输尿管软镜通过尿道、输尿管直抵膀胱结石、输尿管结石和肾结石部位，然后由泌尿外科专家操纵钬激光将结石击碎。这种

钬激光打孔

治疗方法的优点是可以解决输尿管结石、膀胱结石和绝大部分的肾结石。其缺点是对于部分肾上盏和肾下盏的结石，由于从输尿管进入的钬激光光纤无法抵达结石部位，会有少量结石残留。

编辑本段用途

钬 Ho是稀土元素，目前钬的主要用途有： 　　(1)、用作金属卤素灯添加剂，金属卤素灯是一种气体放电灯，它 　　钬激光-医疗器械 　　是在高压汞灯基础上发展起来的，其特点是在灯泡里充有各种不同的稀土卤化物。目前主要使用的是稀土碘化物，在气体放电时发出不同的谱线光色。在钬灯中 采用的工作物质是碘化钬，在电弧区可以获得较高的金属原子浓度，从而大大提高了辐射效能。 　　(2)、钬可以用作钇铁或钇铝石榴石的添加剂； 　　(3)、掺钬的钇铝石榴石（Ho:YAG）可发射2μm激光，人体组织对2μm激光吸收率高，几乎比Hd:YAG高3个数量级。所以用Ho:YAG激 光器进行医疗手术时，不但可以提高手术效率和精度

钬

，而且可使热损伤区域减至更小。钬晶体产生的自由光束可 消除脂肪而不会产生过大的热量，从而减少对健康组织产生的热损伤，据报道美国用钬激光治疗青光眼，可以减少患者手术的痛苦。中国2μm激光晶体的水平已达 到国际水平，应大力开发生产这种激光晶体。 　　(4)、在磁致伸缩合金Terfenol-D中，也可以加入少量的钬，从而降低合金饱和磁化所需的外场。 　　(5)、另外用掺钬的光纤可以制作光纤激光器、光纤放大器、光纤传感器等等光通讯器件在光纤通信迅猛的今天将发挥更重要的作用。

编辑本段钬激光治疗仪

介绍

中 外合资爱科凯能钬激光 40瓦、60瓦、75瓦，爱科凯能ACU-H2系列钬激光结合国际先进技术和中国现有使用条件设计制造，设备关键元器件由国外引进，保证了产品的品质；同 时因为在国内生产，爱科凯能钬激光具有合理的价格和快捷全面的售后服务。 　　爱科凯能ACU-H2系列钬激光应用于泌尿外科、耳鼻喉科、脊柱外科、普外科、妇科、美容等领域；在泌尿外科主要应用于治疗泌尿系结石、狭窄、息肉、 肿瘤、良性前列腺增生（中大功率）等。设备具有单脉冲能量大、持续工作时间长、开机即用、备有应急流程等特点，单相供电也专门为中国医

钬激光-医疗器械

院环境而设计。

产品特点

1、 单脉冲能量大 　　单脉冲能量的大小决定设备碎石、切割及汽化软组织的能力。3.5焦耳的能量足以击碎所有结石粉碎大硬结石，速度快。 　　2、 单相供电 　　设备效率高，功耗低，单相220V供电，爱科凯能设备便于在不同的手术室机动使用。 　　3、 无需预热，开机即用 　　针对手术随机性，消除找到结石和手术开始的时间差，最快的结石手术仅需15分钟，最长的需要4个小时，所以要求设备随时可以投入手术中。 　　4、 应急流程 　　爱科凯能采用了国际先进技术，能够有效地检测损耗件的寿命，当这些元件接近使用寿命时，设备提前一定量自动告警，并启动应急流程，保证医生能够完成手 术，并提示更换器件。 　　5、 持续工作时间长 　　针对中国病人结石较大较硬的临床要求，爱科凯能钬激光治疗机可以长时间持续工作，保证手术快速顺利完成；一些进口设备不能能够适应中国手术时间长的临 床要求，手术中激光需要间歇，给医生带来许多不便。 　　6、产品线宽、可选性强 　　爱科凯能技术力量雄厚，产品线宽，不同型号的产品满足不同的应用需求，产品可升级。

引用出處：

http://baike.baidu.com/view/38275.htm

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer. 

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ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

Dysprosium ( /dɪsˈproʊziəm/ dis-PROE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes, the most abundant of which is 164Dy.

Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility to magnetization in data storage devices and as a component of Terfenol-D. Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are considered non-toxic.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Characteristics
  • 1.1 Physical properties
  • 1.2 Chemical properties
  • 1.3 Compounds
  • 1.4 Isotopes
• 2 History
• 3 Occurrence
• 4 Production
• 5 Applications
• 6 Precautions
• 7 See also
• 8 References
• 9 External links

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Physical properties

Dysprosium sample

Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife, and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's physical characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of impurities.[1]

Dysprosium and holmium have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements,[2] especially at low temperatures.[3] Dysprosium has a simple ferromagnetic ordering at temperatures below 85 K. Above 85 K, it turns into an helical antiferromagnetic state in which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are parallel, and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent layers. This unusual antiferromagnetism transforms into a disordered (paramagnetic) state at 179 K.[4]

[edit] Chemical properties

Dysprosium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form dysprosium(III) oxide:

4 Dy + 3 O2 → 2 Dy2O3

Dysprosium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form dysprosium hydroxide:

2 Dy (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Dy(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Dysprosium metal vigorously reacts with all the halogens at above 200 °C:

2 Dy (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 DyF3 (s) [green]2 Dy (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 DyCl3 (s) [white]2 Dy (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 DyBr3 (s) [white]2 Dy (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 DyI3 (s) [green]

Dysprosium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the yellow Dy(III) ions, which exist as a [Dy(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[5]

2 Dy (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Dy3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

[edit] Compounds

See also: Dysprosium compounds

Dysprosium halides, such as DyF3 and DyBr3, tend to take on a yellow color. Dysprosium oxide, also known as dysprosia, is a white powder that is highly magnetic, more so than iron oxide.[3]

Dysprosium combines with various non-metals at high temperatures to form binary compounds with varying composition and oxidation states +3 and sometimes +2, such as DyN, DyP, DyH2 and DyH3; DyS, DyS2, Dy2S3 and Dy5S7; DyB2, DyB4, DyB6 and DyB12, as well as Dy3C and Dy2C3.[6]

Dysprosium carbonate, Dy2(CO3)3, and dysprosium sulfate, Dy2(SO4)3, result from similar reactions.[7] Most dysprosium compounds are soluble in water, though dysprosium carbonate tetrahydrate (Dy2(CO3)3·4H2O) and dysprosium oxalate decahydrate (Dy2(C2O4)3·10H2O) are both insoluble in water.[8][9]

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of dysprosium

Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 isotopes: 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy, and 164Dy. These are all considered stable, although 156Dy decays by alpha decay with a half-life of over 1×1018 years. Of the naturally occurring isotopes, 164Dy is the most abundant at 28%, followed by 162Dy at 26%. The least abundant is 156Dy at .06%.[10]

Twenty-nine radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 138 to 173. The most stable of these is 154Dy with a half-life of approximately 3×106 years, followed by 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days. The least stable is 138Dy with a half-life of 200 ms. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable isotopes tend to decay primarily by β+ decay, while those that are heavier tend to decay by β- decay, with some exceptions. 154Dy decays primarily by alpha decay, and 152Dy and 159Dy decay primarily by electron capture.[10] Dysprosium also has at least 11 metastable isomers, ranging in atomic mass from 140 to 165. The most stable of these is 165mDy, which has a half-life of 1.257 minutes. 149Dy has two excitation states, the second of which, 149m2Dy, has a half-life of 28 ns.[10]

[edit] History

In 1878, erbium ores were found to contain the oxides of holmium and thulium. French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, while working with holmium oxide, separated dysprosium oxide from it in Paris in 1886.[11] His procedure for isolating the dysprosium involved dissolving dysprosium oxide in acid, then adding ammonia to precipitate the hydroxide. He was only able to isolate dysprosium from its oxide after more than 30 attempts at his procedure. Upon succeeding, he named the element dysprosium from the Greek dysprositos (δυσπρόσιτος), meaning "hard to get". However, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange techniques by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University in the early 1950s.[2]

In 1950, Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, and Stanley G. Thompson bombarded 241Am with helium ions, which produced atoms with an atomic number of 97 and which closely resembled the neighboring lanthanide terbium. Because terbium was named after Ytterby, the city in which it and several other elements were discovered, this new element was named berkelium for the city in which it was synthesized. However, when the research team synthesized element 98, they could not think of a good analogy for dysprosium, and instead named the element californium in honor of the state in which it was synthesized. The research team went on to "point out that, in recognition of the fact that dysprosium is named on the basis of a Greek word meaning 'difficult to get at,' that the searchers for another element a century ago found it difficult to get to California."[12]

[edit] Occurrence

Xenotime

Dysprosium is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many minerals, including xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite and bastnäsite; often with erbium and holmium or other rare earth elements. Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China.[13] In the high-yttrium version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides, comprising up to 7–8% of the concentrate (as compared to about 65% for yttrium).[14][15] The concentration of Dy in the Earth crust is about 5.2 mg/kg and in sea water 0.9 ng/L.[6]

[edit] Production

Dysprosium is obtained primarily from monazite sand, a mixture of various phosphates. The metal is obtained as a by-product in the commercial extraction of yttrium. In isolating dysprosium, most of the unwanted metals can be removed magnetically or by a flotation process. Dysprosium can then be separated from other rare earth metals by an ion exchange displacement process. The resulting dysprosium ions can then react with either fluorine or chlorine to form dysprosium fluoride, DyF3, or dysprosium chloride, DyCl3. These compounds can be reduced using either calcium or lithium metals in the following reactions:[7]

3 Ca + 2 DyF3 → 2 Dy + 3 CaF23 Li + DyCl3 → Dy + 3 LiCl

The components are placed in a tantalum crucible and fired in a helium atmosphere. As the reaction progresses, the resulting halide compounds and molten dysprosium separate due to differences in density. When the mixture cools, the dysprosium can be cut away from the impurities.[7]

About 100 tonnes of dysprosium are produced worldwide each year,[16] with 99% of that total produced in China[17] Dysprosium prices have climbed nearly twentyfold, from $7 per pound in 2003, to $130 a pound in late 2010.[17]

[edit] Applications

Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser materials. Because of dysprosium's high thermal neutron absorption cross-section, dysprosium oxide-nickel cermets are used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors.[2][18] Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation which is useful for studying chemical reactions.[1] Because dysprosium and its compounds are highly susceptible to magnetization, they are employed in various data storage applications, such as in hard disks.[19]

Neodymium-iron-boron magnets can have up to 6% of the neodymium substituted with dysprosium[20] to raise the coercivity for demanding applications such as drive motors for hybrid electric vehicles. This substitution would require up to 100 grams of dysprosium per hybrid car produced. Based on Toyota's projected 2 million units per year, the use of dysprosium in applications such as this would quickly exhaust the available supply of the metal.[21] The dysprosium substitution may also be useful in other applications, as it improves the corrosion resistance of the magnets.[22]

Dysprosium is one of the components of Terfenol-D, along with iron and terbium. Terfenol-D has the highest room-temperature magnetostriction of any known material;[23] this property is employed in transducers, wide-band mechanical resonators,[24] and high-precision liquid fuel injectors.[25]

Nanofibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride

Dysprosium is used in dosimeters for measuring ionizing radiation. Crystals of calcium sulfate or calcium fluoride are doped with dysprosium. When these crystals are exposed to radiation, the dysprosium atoms become excited and luminescent. The luminescence can be measured to determine the degree of exposure to which the dosimeter has been subjected.[2]

Nanofibers of dysprosium compounds have high strength and large surface area; therefore, they can be used for reinforcement of other materials and as a catalyst. Fibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride can be produced by heating an aqueous solution of DyBr and NaF to 450 °C at 450 bar pressure for 17 hours. This material is remarkably robust, surviving over 100 hours in various aqueous solutions at temperatures exceeding 400 °C without re-dissolving or aggregating.[26][27][28]

Dysprosium iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high intensity lighting. These compounds dissociate near the hot center of the lamp releasing isolated dysprosium atoms. The latter re-emit light in the green and red part of the spectrum thereby effectively producing bright light.[2][29]

[edit] Precautions

Like many powders, dysprosium powder may present an explosion hazard when mixed with air and when an ignition source is present. Thin foils of the substance can also be ignited by sparks or by static electricity. Dysprosium fires cannot be put out by water. It can react with water to produce flammable hydrogen gas.[30] Dysprosium chloride fires, however, can be extinguished with water,[31] while dysprosium fluoride and dysprosium oxide are non-flammable.[32][33] Dysprosium nitrate, Dy(NO3)3, is a strong oxidizing agent and will readily ignite upon contact with organic substances.[3]

Soluble dysprosium salts, such as dysprosium chloride and dysprosium nitrate, are mildly toxic when ingested. The insoluble salts, however, are non-toxic. Based on the toxicity of dysprosium chloride to mice, it is estimated that the ingestion of 500 grams or more could be fatal to a human.

引用出處： 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosium

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镝，原子序数66，原子量162.50，元素名来源于希腊文，原意是 “难以取得”。1886年法国化学家布瓦博特朗发现镝，1906年法国的于尔班制出比较纯的镝。镝在地壳中的含量为0.00045%，与其它稀土元素存在与多中矿物中，有七种天然同位素。

纠错 编辑摘要

目录

• 1 概述
• 2 性质
• 3 发现
• 4 来源及用途
• 5 氧化镝

•  

• 1 概述
• 2 性质
• 3 发现
• 4 来源及用途
• 5 氧化镝
• 6 镝灯
• 7 主要用途
• 8 参考资料

镝 - 概述

金属镝

镝 为银白色金属，质软可用刀切开；熔点1412°C，沸点2562°C，密度8.55克/厘米³；在接近绝对零度是有超导性。镝在空气中相当稳定，高温下易 被空气和水氧化，生成三氧化二镝。镝主要用于制造新型照明光源镝灯；镝可作反应堆的控制材料；镝化合物在炼油工业中可作催化剂。

镝 - 性质

元素原子量：162.5

原子序数：66

维氏硬度：540MPa    

镝铁合金

元素类型：金属

地壳中含量：（ppm）：6

元素在太阳中的含量：(ppm)：0.002

元素在海水中的含量：(ppm)

大西洋表面  0.0000008

原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔)：19

相对原子质量：162.5  常见化合价： +3  电负性： 1.22 

外围电子排布：4f10 6s2  核外电子排布： 2,8,18,28,8,2 

氧化态：Main  Dy+3

Other  Dy+2, Dy+4

声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2710

电离能 (kJ /mol) 

M - M+ 571.9

M+ - M2+ 1126

M2+ - M3+ 2200

M3+ - M4+ 4001

晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。

晶胞参数：

a = 359.3 pm

氧化镝

b = 359.3 pm

c = 565.37 pm

α = 90°

β = 90°

γ = 120°

同位素及放射线：

Dy-154[3000000y] Dy-156 Dy-157[8.1h] Dy-158 Dy-159[144.4d] Dy-160 Dy-161 Dy-162 Dy-163 *Dy-164 Dy-165[2.3h] Dy-166[3.4d]

电子亲合和能：0 KJ•mol-1

第一电离能：572 KJ•mol-1

第二电离能： 1126 KJ•mol-1

第三电离能： 0 KJ•mol-1

单质密度：8.536 g/cm3

单质熔点： 1412.0 ℃

单质沸点： 2562.0 ℃

原子半径：2.49 埃

离子半径： 1.03(+3) 埃

共价半径： 1.59 埃

常见化合物： 无

镝 - 发现

发现人：德•布瓦博德郎（L.Boisbaudran） 

发现年代：1886年

发现过程：1886年德•布瓦博德郎（L.Boisbaudran）发现的。

1842 年莫桑德尔从钇土中分离出铒土和铽土后，不少化学家利 用光谱分析鉴定，确定它们不是纯净的一种元素的氧化物，这就鼓励了化学家们继续去分离它们。在钬被分离出来7年后，1886年布瓦博德朗又把它一分为二， 保留了钬，另一个称为dysprosium，元素符号Dy。这一词来自希腊文dysprositos，是“难以取得”的意思。随着镝以及其他一些稀土元素 的发现，完成了发现稀土元素第三阶段的另一半。

镝 - 来源及用途

元素描述：软金属，有光泽核延展性。在高温下易被空气腐蚀，但室温下较稳定。与水缓缓起作用。镝有以下几种同位素：156Dy、158Dy、160Dy~164Dy。

元素来源：可由氟化镝用钙还原而制得。

元素用途：用来制造红外发生器材、激光材料及原子能工业。熔点为1 412 ℃,沸点为2 562 ℃，密度为 8.550 g/cm3(20 ℃)。银白色稀土金属。坚硬，性质活泼。易被氧气氧化，与水反应迅速，溶于酸。用于制作磁铁的合金。

镝 - 氧化镝

氧化镝：Dysprosium Oxide;Dysprosium(III) oxide 

氧化镝

氧化镝，为一种白色粉末，化学式为Dy2O3，密度7.81（27℃），熔点2340℃，沸点约为4000℃，为离子型化合物，溶与酸和乙醇。，但不溶于碱，也不溶于水。可由氢氧化镝热分解制成，生成热高，露置空气中会吸收二氧化碳部分变为碳酸镝。

性质：氧化镝为白色或淡黄色粉末。

用途：用作制取金属镝的原料、玻璃、钕铁硼永磁体的添加剂，还用于金属卤素灯、磁光记忆材料、钇铁或钇铝石榴石、原子能工业中。

镝 - 镝灯

镝灯属高强度气体放电灯，是一种具有高光效（75lm/w以上）、高显色性（显色指数80以上），长寿命的新型气体放电光源，是金属卤化物灯的一种，它利用充

镝灯泡

入的碘化镝、碘化亚铊、汞等物质发出其特有的密集型光谱，该光谱十分接近于太阳光谱，从而使灯的发光效率及显色性大为提高。

它光效高、显色性好、亮度高，镝灯有球形、管形、椭球形等多种形状可满足不同用途的需要，使用时需相应的镇流器和触发器。光色镝灯广泛应用于高大厂房、广场、工地、展览馆、大厅、广告牌、商场、体育场（馆）以及摄制彩色影片、转播彩色电视、彩色印刷等场合。

反 射型日光色镝灯具有反射层，将灯与灯具合而为一，无需另配灯具，使用方便。该光源在兰紫光到橙红光的广阔光谱区域内辐射强度大，红外辐射小，具有光线集 中，光利用率高的特点，是农科试验、培养农作物，加速植物生长的理想光源。适用于各种人工气候箱、人工生物箱、温室等场合作为人工辐射光源。

镝 - 主要用途

1886年，法国人波依斯包德莱成功地将钬分离成两个元素，一个仍称为钬，而另一个根据从钬中"难以得到"的意思取名为镝(dysprosium)。镝目前在许多高技术领域起着越来越重要的作用。

镝的最主要用途是：

镝铁合金

（1）作为钕铁硼系永磁体的添加剂使用，在这种磁体中添加2~3%左右的镝，可提高其矫顽力，过去镝的需求量不大，但随着钕铁硼磁体需求的增加，它成为必要的添加元素，品位必须在95～99。9%左右，需求也在迅速增加。

（2）镝用作荧光粉激活剂，三价镝是一种有前途的单发光中心三基色发光材料的激活离子，它主要由两个发射带组成，一为黄光发射，另一为蓝光发射，掺镝的发光材料可作为三基色荧光粉。

（3）镝是制备大磁致伸缩合金铽镝铁（Terfenol）合金的必要的金属原料，能使一些机械运动的精密活动得以实现。

（4）镝金属可用做磁光存贮材料，具有较高的记录速度和读数敏感度。

（5）用于镝灯的制备，在镝灯中采用的工作物质是碘化镝，这种灯具有亮度大、颜色好、色温高、体积小、电弧稳定等优点，已用于电影、印刷等照明光源。

（6）由于镝元素具有中子俘获截面积大的特性，在原子能工业中用来测定中子能谱或做中子吸收剂。

（7）Dy3Al5O12还可用作磁致冷用磁性工作物质。随着科学技术的发展，镝的应用领域将会不断的拓展和延伸。

引用出處： 

 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%95%9D

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铽，原子序数65，原子量158.92534，元素名来源于它的最初发现地。1843年瑞典化学家莫桑德尔从钇土中发现铽的氧化物，1877年正式命名。铽在地壳中的含量为十万分之九，存在于多种稀土矿物中，天然稳定同位素只有铽159。

纠错 编辑摘要

目录

• 1 概述
• 2 特性
• 3 发现
• 4 应用领域
• 5 来源及用途

•  

• 1 概述
• 2 特性
• 3 发现
• 4 应用领域
• 5 来源及用途
• 6 TB
• 7 参考资料

铽 - 概述

铽

铽为银灰色金属，有延展性，质较软，可用刀切开；熔点1360°C，沸点3123°C，密度8.2294克/厘米³；铽在室温下有很强的顺磁性。铽在空气中不易氧化，在高温时容易氧化；可与硫酸、硝酸、卤素反应。铽的氧化物广泛用于制备发光材料。

铽 - 特性

铽、Tb、65 、镧系元素 

地壳中含量：（ppm）：1.1

原子体积：(立方厘米/摩尔)：19.2

周期, 元素分区  6, f 

密度、硬度  8219 kg/m3、无数据 

颜色和外表  银白色

元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：0.0005

元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：太平洋表面  0.00000008

氧化铽

原子量  158.92534(2) 原子量单位 

氧化态：Main  Tb+3

Other  Tb+4

原子半径（计算值）  175（225）pm  

价电子排布  [氙]4f96s2 

电子在每能级的排布  2，8，18，27，8，2 

电离能 (kJ /mol) 

M - M+ 564.6

M+ - M2+ 1112

M2+ - M3+ 2114

M3+ - M4+ 3839

晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。

晶胞参数：

a = 360.1 pm

b = 360.1 pm

c = 569.36 pm

α = 90°

β = 90°

γ = 120°

维氏硬度：863MPa   

声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2620

氧化价（氧化物）  4（弱碱性） 

晶体结构  六角形 

物质状态  固态 

熔点  1629 K（1356 °C） 

沸点  3503 K （3230 °C） 

摩尔体积  19.3×10-6m3/mol 

汽化热  330.9 kJ/mol 

熔化热  10.8 kJ/mol  

声速  2620 m/s（293.15K） 

电负性  1.2（鲍林标度） 

比热  180 J/(kg•K) 

电导率  0.889×106/(米欧姆) 

热导率  11.1 W/(m•K) 

第一电离能 565.8 kJ/mol 

第二电离能 1110 kJ/mol 

第三电离能 2114 kJ/mol 

第四电离能 3839 kJ/mol 

相对原子质量：158.925 

常见化合价： +3,+4 

电负性： 1.2 

外围电子排布： 4f9 6s2 

核外电子排布： 2,8,18,27,8,2 

同位素及放射线：   Tb-151[17.61h] Tb-155[5.3d] Tb-156[5.3d] Tb-157[110y] Tb-158[180y] Tb-159 Tb-160[72.3d] Tb-161[6.91d] Tb-162[7.6m]

最稳定的同位素 ，同位素  丰度  半衰期  衰变模式  衰变能量

MeV  衰变产物 

157Tb 人造  71年 电子捕获 0.060 157Gd 

158Tb 人造  180年 电子捕获

β衰变 1.220 0.937 158Gd 158Dy  159Tb 100 %  稳定  

铽 - 发现

1843 年瑞典的莫桑德（Karl G.Mosander）通过对钇土的研究，发现铽元素（Terbium）。铽的应用大多涉及高技术领域，是技术密集、知识密集型的尖端项目，又是具有显著 经济效益的项目，有着诱人的发展前景。1843年由莫桑德尔（C.G.Mosander）发现。当初命名为氧化铒，1877年才正式命名为铽。1905年 第一次由乌贝因（G.Urbain）提纯制出。

在发现镧的同一时期里，莫桑德尔对最初发现的钇进行了分析研究，并于 1842年发表报告， 明确最初发现的钇土不是单一的元素氧化物，而是三种元素的氧化物。他把其中的一种仍称为钇土，其中一种命名为terbia（铽土）。元素符号定为Tb。它 的命名来源和钇一样，出自最初发现钇矿石的产地，瑞典斯德哥尔摩附近的小蛞姨乇龋╕tterby）。铽和另两个元素镧、铒的发现打开了发现稀土元素的第二 道大门，是发现稀土元素的第二阶段。他们的发现是继铈和钇两个元素后又找到稀土元素中的三个。一共是五个了。

铽 - 应用领域

1、荧光粉用于三基色荧光粉中的绿粉的激活剂，如铽激活的磷酸盐基质、铽激活的硅酸盐基质、铽激活的铈镁铝酸盐基质，在激发状态下均发出绿色光。

2、磁光贮存材料，近年来铽系磁光材料已达到大量生产的规

铽

模，用Tb-Fe非晶态薄膜研制的磁光光盘，作计算机存储元件，存储能力提高10～15倍。

3、 磁光玻璃， 含铽的法拉第旋光玻璃是制造在激光技术中广泛应用的旋转器、隔离器和环形器的关键材料。特别是铽镝铁磁致伸缩合金（TerFenol）的开发研制，更是开 辟了铽的新用途，Terfenol是70年代才发现的新型材料，该合金中有一半成份为铽和镝，有时加入钬，其余为铁，该合金由美国依 阿华州阿姆斯实验室首先研制，当Terfenol置于一个磁场中时，其尺寸的变化比一般磁性材料变化大这种变化可以使一些精密机械运动得以实现。铽镝铁开 始主要用于声纳，目前已广泛应用于多种领域，从燃料喷射系统、液体阀门控制、微定位到机械致动器、机构和飞机太空望远镜的调节 机翼调节器等领域。

铽 - 来源及用途

元素描述：银灰色金属。高温下易被空气所腐蚀；室温下腐蚀极慢。溶于酸，盐类无色。氧化物Tb4O7是棕色。

元素来源：少量存在于磷铈钍砂和硅铍钇矿中。与其他稀土元素共存于独居石砂中，其中铽的含量一般为0.03%。其他来源还有磷钇矿和黑稀金矿，两者都是氧化物的混合物，含有高达1%的铽。

元素用途：用于制作高温燃料电池和激光材料。特种激光器和固态元件中用到少量的铽。

名称由来：得名于瑞典村庄Ytterby。 

铽 - TB

结核是由结核杆菌引起的慢性肺部感染，咳嗽、胸痛、咯血、潮热、盗汗、消瘦、血沉增速为其主要临床特征。在人体抵抗力降低的情况下，因感染结核杆菌而发病，具传染性。

病原体及流行病学：

结核菌属于分支杆菌属，染色具有抗酸性，所以又叫抗酸杆菌。

氧化铽

能 引起人结核病的有两种，即人型结核菌和牛型结核菌，以人型为主。结核菌从病人或带菌者的呼吸道分泌物排出，并随灰尘飞扬于空中传与他人，尤其是开放型肺结 核患者，其痰液更是主要的传播来源。其次，咳嗽、喷嚏也可污染空气。牛型结核菌株可随其乳汁传播给人类。结核菌在阴湿处可生存6～8个月，但在沸水 中，15分钟即被杀死。

人体对结核菌抵抗力有两种，一为自然免疫力，即先天性非特异性免疫力，另一为对结核菌特有的免疫力，为感染结核后产生的特异性免疫力，也是后天获得性免疫力，多在两次感染后4～8周产生，产生后可使结核菌素试验呈阳性反应。结核杆菌易对抗痨药产生耐药性。

现代医学病理：结核菌侵入人体后，可长期寄生而不发病，当机体抗力薄弱时，或受感染病菌量多，或菌的毒力较强时则可发病。

TB是魔兽地图DOTA中灵魂守卫的英文缩写。

灵 魂守卫介 绍：Terrorblade - 灵魂守，Terrorblade和Magina原是孪生兄弟。虽然同样流着暗夜精灵的血，Terrorblade却受到不死族力量的诱惑而陷入不归的深 渊。背上巨大的石像鬼翅膀代表了他和暗夜世界的彻底决裂。他熟练的掌握了镜像的制造以及对灵魂的操纵。他可以变身为可怕而强大的恶魔，通过投掷能量打击对 手。挥舞着巨大月刃的他无疑是战场上的一大威慑。 初始射程 (Base Range): 100 | 初始攻击间隔 (Base Attack Time): 1.5

初始移动速度 (Base Move Speed): 320 | 初始防御 (Base Armor): 3.0

基本属性 (Primary Attribute): 敏捷 / Agility | 初始攻击力 (Base Damage): 48 - 54

初始力量值 (Base Strength): 15 | 初始敏捷值 (Base Agility): 22 | 初始智力值 (Base Intelligence): 15

力 量增长系数 (Strength Growth): 1.90 | 敏捷增长系数 (Agility Growth): 3.20 | 智力增长系数 (Intelligence Growth): 1.75 ，灵魂汲取 (Soul Steal) [E] ，魔法镜像 (Conjure Image) [C] ，变身 (Metamorphosis) [T] ，灵魂隔断 (Sunder)

引用出處： 

 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%93%BD

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCBN刀具、PCD刀具、單晶刀具、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer. 

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ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

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（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。     

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz. 

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.