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Cerium ( /ˈsɪəriəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named for the Roman goddess of agriculture). Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight. It is found in a number of minerals, the most important being monazite and bastnasite. Commercial applications of cerium are numerous. They include catalysts, additives to fuel to reduce emissions and to glass and enamels to change their color. Cerium oxide is an important component of glass polishing powders and phosphors used in screens and fluorescent lamps.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Characteristics
  • 1.1 Physical properties
  • 1.2 Chemical properties
  • 1.3 Compounds
  • 1.4 Isotopes
• 2 History
• 3 Occurrence
• 4 Production
• 5 Applications
• 6 Precautions
• 7 References
• 8 External links

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Physical properties

Cerium is a silvery metal, belonging to the lanthanide group. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both malleable and ductile. Cerium has the second-longest liquid range of any element: 2648 C° (795 °C to 3443 °C) or 4766 F° (1463 °F to 6229 °F). (Thorium has the longest liquid range.)

Phase diagram of cerium

Cerium is especially interesting because of its variable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons, and only small energy is required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valency states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. The low temperature behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications are thought to exist: cerium at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to –16 °C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172 °C, and the transformation is complete at –269 °C. α Cerium has a density of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726 °C. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point.[3][4][5]

[edit] Chemical properties

Cerium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 °C to form cerium(IV) oxide:

Ce + O2 → CeO2

Cerium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form cerium hydroxide:

2 Ce (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 2 Ce(OH)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

Cerium metal reacts with all the halogens:

2 Ce (s) + 3 F2 (g) → 2 CeF3 (s) [white]2 Ce (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) → 2 CeCl3 (s) [white]2 Ce (s) + 3 Br2 (g) → 2 CeBr3 (s) [white]2 Ce (s) + 3 I2 (g) → 2 CeI3 (s) [yellow]

Cerium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the colorless Ce(III) ions, which exist as a [Ce(OH2)9]3+ complexes:[6]

2 Ce (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → 2 Ce3+ (aq) + 3 SO2−

4 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)

[edit] Compounds

See also Category: Cerium compounds

Cerium(IV) sulfate

Cerium(IV) (ceric) salts are orange red or yellowish, whereas cerium(III) (cerous) salts are usually white or colorless. Both oxidation states absorb ultraviolet light strongly. Cerium(III) can be used to make glasses that are colorless, yet absorb ultraviolet light almost completely. Cerium can be readily detected in rare earth mixtures by a very sensitive qualitative test: addition of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide to an aqueous solution of lanthanides produces a characteristic dark brown color if cerium is present.

Cerium exhibits three oxidation states, +2, +3 and +4. The +2 state is rare and is observed in CeH2, CeI2 and CeS.[5] The most common compound of cerium is cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2), which is used as "Jeweller's rouge" as well as in the walls of some self-cleaning ovens. Two common oxidizing agents used in titrations are ammonium cerium(IV) sulfate (ceric ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2Ce(SO4)3) and ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (ceric ammonium nitrate or CAN, (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6). Cerium also forms a chloride, CeCl3 or cerium(III) chloride, used to facilitate reactions at carbonyl groups in organic chemistry. Other compounds include cerium(III) carbonate (Ce2(CO3)3), cerium(III) fluoride (CeF3), cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3), as well as cerium(IV) sulfate (ceric sulfate, Ce(SO4)2) and cerium(III) triflate (Ce(OSO2CF3)3).

The two oxidation states of cerium differ enormously in basicity: cerium(III) is a strong base, comparable to the other trivalent lanthanides, but cerium(IV) is weak. This difference has always allowed cerium to be by far the most readily isolated and purified of all the lanthanides, otherwise a notoriously difficult group of elements to separate. A wide range of procedures have been devised over the years to exploit the difference. Among the better ones:

1. Leaching the mixed hydroxides with dilute nitric acid: the trivalent lanthanides dissolve in cerium-free condition, and tetravalent cerium remains in the insoluble residue as a concentrate to be further purified by other means. A variation on this uses hydrochloric acid and the calcined oxides from bastnasite, but the separation is less sharp.
2. Precipitating cerium from a nitrate or chloride solution using potassium permanganate and sodium carbonate in a 1:4 molar ratio.
3. Boiling rare-earth nitrate solutions with potassium bromate and marble chips.

Formerly used commercially was a method whereby a solution of cerium(IV) in nitric acid would be added to dilute sulfuric acid. This caused cerium(IV) to largely precipitate as a basic salt, leaving trivalent lanthanide in solution. However, the finely divided precipitate was difficult to filter from the highly corrosive medium. Using the classical methods of rare-earth separation, there was a considerable advantage to a strategy of removing cerium from the mixture at the beginning. Cerium typically comprised 45% of the cerite or monazite rare earths, and removing it early greatly reduced the bulk of what needed to be further processed (or the cost of reagents to be associated with such processing). However, not all cerium purification methods relied on basicity. Ceric ammonium nitrate [ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV)] crystallization from nitric acid was one purification method. Cerium(IV) nitrate (hexanitratoceric acid) was more readily extractable into certain solvents (e.g. tri-n-butyl phosphate) than the trivalent lanthanides. However, modern practice in China seems to be to do purification of cerium by counter-current solvent extraction, in its trivalent form, just like the other lanthanides.

Cerium(IV) is a strong oxidant under acidic conditions, but stable under alkaline conditions, when it is cerium(III) that becomes a strong reductant, easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen (O2). This ease of oxidation under alkaline conditions leads to the occasional geochemical parting of the ways between cerium and the trivalent light lanthanides under supergene weathering conditions, leading variously to the "negative cerium anomaly" or to the formation of the mineral cerianite. Air-oxidation of alkaline cerium(III) is the most economical way to get to cerium(IV), which can then be handled in acid solution.

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of cerium

Naturally occurring cerium is composed of 4 stable isotopes; 136

Ce, 138

Ce, 140

Ce, and 142

Ce with 140

Ce being the most abundant (88.48% natural abundance). 136

Ce and 142

Ce are predicted to be double beta active but no signs of activity were ever observed (for 142

Ce, the lower limit on half-life is 5×1016

 yr). 26 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most long-lived being 144

Ce with a half-life of 284.893 days, 139

Ce with a half-life of 137.640 days, and 141

Ce with a half-life of 32.501 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 4 days and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes. This element also has 2 meta states.

The known isotopes of cerium range in atomic weight from 123 u (123

Ce) to 152 u (152

Ce).

144

Ce is a high-yield product of nuclear fission; the ORNL Fission Product Pilot Plant separated substantial quantities of 144

Ce from reactor waste, and it was used in the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion and SNAP programs.

[edit] History

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

Cerium was discovered in Bastnäs in Sweden by Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, and independently in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, both in 1803.[7] Cerium was named by Berzelius after the dwarf planet Ceres, discovered two years earlier (1801). As originally isolated, cerium was in the form of its oxide, and was named ceria, a term that is still used. The metal itself was too electropositive to be isolated by then-current smelting technology, a characteristic of rare earth metals in general. After the development of electrochemistry by Humphry Davy five years later, the earths soon yielded the metals they contained. Ceria, as isolated in 1803, contained all of the lanthanides present in the cerite ore from Bastnäs, Sweden, and thus only contained about 45% of what is now known to be pure ceria. It was not until Carl Gustaf Mosander succeeded in removing lanthana and "didymia" in the late 1830s, that ceria was obtained pure. Wilhelm Hisinger was a wealthy mine owner and amateur scientist, and sponsor of Berzelius. He owned or controlled the mine at Bastnäs, and had been trying for years to find out the composition of the abundant heavy gangue rock (the "Tungstein of Bastnäs"), now known as cerite, that he had in his mine. Mosander and his family lived for many years in the same house as Berzelius, and Mosander was undoubtedly persuaded by Berzelius to investigate ceria further.[8]

When the rare earths were first discovered, since they were strong bases like the oxides of calcium or magnesium, they were thought to be divalent. Thus, "ceric" cerium was thought to be trivalent, and the oxidation state ratio was therefore thought to be 1.5. Berzelius was annoyed to keep on getting the correct ratio 1.33. He was after all one of the finest analytical chemists in Europe.

In the late 1950s, the Lindsay Chemical Division of American Potash and Chemical Corporation of West Chicago, Illinois, then the largest producer of rare earths in the world, was offering cerium compounds in two purity ranges, "commercial" at 94-97% purity, and "purified", at a reported 99.9+% purity. In their October 1, 1958 price list, one-pound quantities of the oxides were priced at $3.30 or $8.10 respectively for the two purities; the per-pound price for 50-pound quantities were respectively $1.95 or $4.95 for the two grades. Cerium salts were proportionately cheaper, reflecting their lower net content of oxide.

[edit] Occurrence

See also Category: Lanthanide minerals

Allanite

Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite)—(Ca, Ce, La, Y)2(Al, Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH), monazite (Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4, bastnasite (Ce, La, Y)CO3F, hydroxylbastnasite (Ce, La, Nd)CO3(OH, F), rhabdophane (Ce, La, Nd)PO4-H2O, zircon (ZrSiO4), and synchysite Ca(Ce, La, Nd, Y)(CO3)2F. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite, allanite, and bastnasite will supply cerium, thorium, and other rare-earth metals for many years to come.[4]

[edit] Production

The mineral mixtures are crushed, ground and treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble sulfates of rare earths. The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with sodium hydroxide to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths in to their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose salts are insoluble in HNO3. Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerium fluoride or chloride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides. The metallothermic technique is used to produce high-purity cerium.[5]

[edit] Applications

A major technological application for Cerium(III) oxide is a catalytic converter for the reduction of CO emissions in the exhaust gases from motor vehicles. In particular, cerium oxide is added into Diesel fuels. Another important use of the cerium oxide is a hydrocarbon catalyst in self cleaning ovens, incorporated into oven walls and as a petroleum cracking catalyst in petroleum refining. [9]

Cerium(IV) oxide is considered one of the most efficient agents for precision polishing of optical components. Cerium compounds are also used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. For example, cerium(IV) oxide in combination with titanium(IV) oxide gives a golden yellow color to glass; it also allows for selective absorption of ultraviolet light in glass. Cerium oxide has high refractive index and is added to enamel to make it more opaque.[9]

Cerium(IV) oxide is used in incandescent gas mantles, such as the Welsbach mantle, where it was combined with thorium, lanthanum, magnesium or yttrium oxides. Doped with other rare earth oxides, it has been investigated as a solid electrolyte in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells: The cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle or CeO2/Ce2O3 cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on cerium(IV) oxide and cerium(III) oxide for hydrogen production.[10]

The photostability of pigments can be enhanced by addition of cerium. It provides pigments with light fastness and prevents clear polymers from darkening in sunlight. Television glass plates are subject to electron bombardment, which tends to darken them by creation of F-center color centers. This effect is suppressed by addition of cerium oxide. Cerium is also an essential component of phosphors used in TV screens and fluorescent lamps.[9]

A traditional use of cerium was in the pyrophoric mischmetal alloy used for light flints. Because of the high affinity of cerium to sulfur and oxygen, it is used in various aluminium alloys, and iron alloys. In steels, cerium degasifies and can help reduce sulfides and oxides, and it is a precipitation hardening agent in stainless steel. Adding cerium to cast irons opposes graphitization and produces a malleable iron. Addition of 3–4% of cerium to magnesium alloys, along with 0.2 to 0.6% zirconium, helps refine the grain and give sound casting of complex shapes. It also adds heat resistance to magnesium castings.[9]

Cerium alloys are used in permanent magnets and in tungsten electrodes for gas tungsten arc welding. Cerium is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. Cerium oxalate is an anti-emetic drug. Cerium(IV) sulfate is used extensively as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Ceric ammonium nitrate is a useful one-electron oxidant in organic chemistry, used to oxidatively etch electronic components, and as a primary standard for quantitative analysis.[4][11]

[edit] Precautions

Cerium, like all rare-earth metals, is of low to moderate toxicity. Cerium is a strong reducing agent and ignites spontaneously in air at 65 to 80 °C. Fumes from cerium fires are toxic. Water should not be used to stop cerium fires, as cerium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas. Workers exposed to cerium have experienced itching, sensitivity to heat, and skin lesions. Animals injected with large doses of cerium have died due to cardiovascular collapse. Cerium(IV) oxide is a powerful oxidizing agent at high temperatures and will react with combustible organic materials. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. Cerium serves no known biological function.[9]

引用出處： 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium

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铈，原子序数 58，原子量140.115，元素名来源于小行星谷神星的英文名。1803年德国化学家克拉普罗特、瑞典化学家贝采利乌斯分别发现了铈的氧化物。铈的天然 稳定同位素有4种：铈136、138、140、142。铈在地壳中的含量约0.0046%，是稀土元素中丰度最高的。

纠错 编辑摘要

目录

• 1 概述
• 2 性质
• 3 发现
• 4 元素描述
• 5 来源及用途

•  

• 1 概述
• 2 性质
• 3 发现
• 4 元素描述
• 5 来源及用途
• 6 铈铝
• 7 铈碳化硅
• 8 参考资料

铈 - 概述

铈

69215215

为 铁灰色金属，有延展性，熔点799°C，沸点3426°C，密度6.657克/厘米³。铈是除铕外稀土元素中最活泼的。铈在室温下很容易氧化；在冷水中缓 慢分解，在热水中反应加快；大多数铈盐及其溶液为橙红色到橙黄色，具有反磁性和强氧化性。二氧化铈用于抛光精密玻璃制品，也可做玻璃去色剂和用于生产有色 玻璃，硝酸铈用于制造白炽灯罩。

铈 - 性质

元素名称：铈

元素符号： Ce 

英文名： Cerium 

相对原子质量： 140.12 

常见化合价： +3,+4 

电负性： 1.12 

外围电子排布： 4f1 5d1 6s2 

核外电子排布： 2,8,18,20,8,2 

铈钨电极

同位素及放射线：   Ce-134[3016d] Ce-136 Ce-138 Ce-139[137.6d] *Ce-140 Ce-141[32.5d] Ce-142 Ce-143[1.4d] Ce-144[284.6d]

电子亲合和能： 0 KJ•mol-1

第一电离能： 528 KJ•mol-1

第二电离能： 1047 KJ•mol-1

第三电离能： 1880 KJ•mol-1

单质密度： 6.773 g/cm3

单质熔点： 795.0 ℃

单质沸点： 3257.0 ℃

原子半径： 2.7 埃

离子半径： 1.14(+3) 埃

共价半径： 1.65 埃

常见化合物： CeO2 CeCl3 

原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔)：20.67

元素在海水中的含量:(ppm)：太平洋表面  0.0000015

元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm)：0.004

地壳中含量：（ppm）：68

元素原子量：140.1

晶体结构：晶胞为面心立方晶胞，每个晶胞含有4个金属原子。

声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 2100

氧化态：Main  Ce+3

Other  Ce+4

电离能 (kJ /mol) 

M - M+ 527.4

M+ - M2+ 1047

M2+ - M3+ 1949

M3+ - M4+ 3547

M4+ - M5+ 6800

M5+ - M6+ 8200

硝酸铈

M6+ - M7+ 9700

M7+ - M8+ 11800

M8+ - M9+ 13200

M9+ - M10+ 14700

晶胞参数：

a = 362 pm

b = 362 pm

c = 599 pm

α = 90°

β = 90°

γ = 120°

莫氏硬度：2.5

铈 - 发现

发现人：克拉普罗特（M.H.Klaproth）与贝齐利乌斯（J.J.Bergelius）、息辛格（W.Hisinger）   

发现过程：1803年，克拉普罗特（M.H.Klaproth）与贝齐利乌斯（J.J.Bergelius）、息辛格（W.Hisinger）分别发现。铈是从另一块出产在瑞典小城瓦斯特拉斯的红色重石中发

氯化铈

现 的。1803年德国化学家克拉普罗特分析了这种红色重石，确定了有一种新元素的氧化物存在，称为ochra（赭色）土，因为它在灼烧时出现赭色。元素就被 命名为ochroium，矿石被 称为ochroite。同时瑞典化学家贝齐里乌斯和希辛格在该矿石中也发现了同一元素的氧化物，称为ceria（铈土），元素称为cerium（铈），元 素符号定为Ce，矿石称为cerite，以纪念当时发现的一颗小行星谷神星Ceres。Ochroium和cerium是同一元素，后者被采用了，前者被 丢弃了。

钇和铈的氧化物以及其他稀土元素氧化物和土族元素的氧化物一样很难还原。直到1875年希尔布郎德利用电解熔融 的铈的氧化物，获得金属铈。这是今天取得稀土元素金属的一种普遍的方法。它们的发现不仅仅是发现了它们的本身，而且带来了其他稀土元素的发现。其他稀土元 素的发现是从这两个元素的发现开始的。

钇和铈的发现仅仅是打开了发现稀土元素的第一道大门，是发现稀土元素的第一阶段。

铈 - 元素描述

灰 色金属，有延展性。熔点799℃，沸点3426℃。密度：立方晶体6.76克/厘米3，六方晶体6.66克/厘米3。外围电子层排布4f15d16s2。 第一电离能5.47电子伏 特。化学性质活泼，用刀刮即可在空气中燃烧（纯的铈不易自燃，但稍氧化或与铁生成合金时，极易自燃）；加热时，在空气中燃烧生成二氧化铈。能与沸水作用， 溶于酸，不溶于碱。受低温和高压时，出现一种反磁性体，比普通形式的铈致密18%。铈是稀土元素中最丰富的金属元素。有四种同位素：136Ce、 138Ce、140Ce、142Ce。142Ce是放射性的α放射体，半衰期为5×1015年。

铈 - 来源及用途

元素来源：

铈是储量最丰富的稀土元素，见于独居石砂[Ce(PO4)]等许多矿物中。  铈主要存在独居石和氟碳铈矿中，也存在于铀、钍、钚的裂变产物中。常由氧化铈用镁粉还原，或由电解熔融的氯化铈而制得。

元素用途：

制造高辉度碳弧灯，掺入特种金属里充当合金添加剂。氧化物用于光学器件和玻璃工业，铈盐用于摄影和纺织工业。铈可作催化剂、电弧电极、特种玻璃等。铈的合金耐高热，可以用来制造喷气推进器零件。硝酸铈可用来制造煤气灯上用的白热纱罩。

铈 - 铈铝

铈铝就是我们平时说的Ce铝，Ce铝是一种新型的铈(Ce)系纯

锡铈

铝 复合涂层。主要包括铈(Ce)系纯铝涂层和环氧乙烯酯漆涂层，所述铈(Ce)系纯铝涂层是以铝为原料，添加铈(Ce)元素的热喷涂层，所述环氧乙烯酯漆涂 层为铈Ce铝热喷涂层的封闭层和功能涂层。铈(Ce)系纯铝涂层添加元素铈(Ce)重量百分比为0.05-0.50％(wt)，其它杂质铁+铜+硅 ≤0.30％(wt)，余量为铝，还可辅助添加元素镁，系纯铝涂层的制作方法为：加工制作成线材或者粉末用热喷涂技术在钢铁表面制作成Ce铝喷涂层。所述 环氧乙烯酯漆涂层为以环氧乙烯酯树脂为原料，添加炭化硅和铝粉或铝粉浆。环氧乙烯酯漆作为Ce系铝涂层的封闭层、中间层和表面层，也还可以其它油漆涂料代 替其中的某一层或者全部。

一种铈(Ce)系纯铝复合涂层，主要包括：铈(Ce)系纯铝涂层和环氧乙烯酯漆涂层，其特征在于：所述铈(Ce)系纯铝涂层是以铝为原料，添加铈 (Ce)元素的热喷涂层，所述环氧乙烯酯漆涂层为铈Ce铝热喷涂层的封闭层和功能涂层。

铈 - 铈碳化硅

铈碳化硅（CC）： 铈碳化硅是在碳化硅的炉料内不加食盐而添加微量的

氟化铈

氧 化铈（CeO2）冶炼出来的,其外观和绿碳化硅相似,显微硬度为 36.29Gpa。与绿碳化硅相比，其铈碳化硅的显微硬度、单颗粒抗压强度、韧性等均比绿碳化硅高。由于铈碳化硅的物理性能有所改弯，因此，其磨削效果也 得到了一定的改善。试验证明磨钛合金时，铈碳化硅与绿碳化硅相比，切削效率提高近一倍，并且火花较小；磨铸铁时，当进刀量为0.01mm时，铈碳化硅的耐 用度比绿碳化硅砂轮提高18.9%，磨削比提高9.6%，当进刀量为0.02mm时，其耐用度提高27.4%，磨削比提高74.1%。由此可见，用铈碳化 硅磨削铸铁进刀量时，其效果比绿碳化硅提高的更显著。磨硬质合金的效果与绿碳化硅相近，磨削CO5Si M5Al 5F-6等难磨高速钢，其效果与单晶刚玉相似。

引用出處： 

 http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E9%93%88

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The lanthanide or lanthanoid (IUPAC nomenclature)[1] series comprises the fifteen elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium.[2][3] All lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell. Lutetium, which is a d-block element, is also generally considered to be a lanthanide. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Classification
• 2 Etymology
• 3 Chemistry
• 4 Magnetic and spectroscopic properties
• 5 Organometallic chemistry
• 6 Geochemistry
• 7 Biological effects
• 8 Technological applications
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links

[edit] Classification

Atomic No. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Name La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

M3+ f electrons 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

The lanthanide elements are the group of elements with atomic number increasing from 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). They are termed lanthanide because the lighter elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Strictly speaking, both lanthanum and lutetium have been labeled as group 3 elements, because they both have a single valence electron in the d shell. However, both elements are often included in any general discussion of the chemistry of the lanthanide elements.

[edit] Etymology

Together with scandium and yttrium, the trivial name "rare earths" is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanides. This name arises from the minerals from which they were isolated, which were uncommon oxide-type minerals. However, the use of the name is deprecated by IUPAC, as the elements are neither rare in abundance nor "earths" (an obsolete term for water-insoluble strongly basic oxides of electropositive metals incapable of being smelted into metal using late 18th century technology)[citation needed]. Cerium is the 26th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, neodymium is more abundant than gold and even thulium (the least common naturally occurring lanthanide) is more abundant than iodine.[4] Despite their abundance, even the technical term "lanthanides" could be interpreted to reflect a sense of elusiveness on the part of these elements, as it comes from the Greek λανθανειν (lanthanein), "to lie hidden". However, if not referring to their natural abundance, but rather to their property of "hiding" behind each other in minerals, this interpretation is in fact appropriate. The etymology of the term must be sought in the first discovery of lanthanum, at that time a so-called new rare earth element "lying hidden" in a cerium mineral, but we might call it a fortunate twist of irony that exactly lanthanum was later identified as the first in an entire series of chemically similar elements and could give name to the whole series.

[edit] Chemistry

The electronic structure of the lanthanide elements, with minor exceptions is [Xe]6s24fn. In their compounds, the 6s electrons are lost and the ions have the configuration [Xe]4fm.[5] The chemistry of the lanthanides differs from main group elements and transition metals because of the nature of the 4f orbitals. These orbitals are "buried" inside the atom and are shielded from the atom's environment by the 4d and 5p electrons. As a consequence of this, the chemistry of the elements is largely determined by their size, which decreases gradually from 102 pm (La3+) with increasing atomic number to 86 pm (Lu3+), the so-called lanthanide contraction. All the lanthanide elements exhibit the oxidation state +3. In addition Ce3+ can lose its single f electron to form Ce4+ with the stable electronic configuration of xenon. Also, Eu3+ can gain an electron to form Eu2+ with the f7 configuration which has the extra stability of a half-filled shell. Promethium is effectively a man-made element as all its isotopes are radioactive with half-lives of less than 20 y.

The similarity in ionic radius between adjacent lanthanide elements makes it difficult to separate them from each other in naturally occurring ores and other mixtures. Historically the very laborious processes of cascading and fractional crystallization was used. Because the lanthanide ions have slightly different radii, the lattice energy of their salts and hydration energies of the ions will be slightly different, leading to a small difference in solubility. Salts of the formula Ln(NO3)3.2NH4NO3.4H2O can be used. Industrially, the elements are separated from each other by solvent extraction. Typically an aqueous solution of nitrates is extracted into kerosene containing tri-n-butylphosphate, (BunO)3PO. The strength of the complexes formed increases as the ionic radius decreases, so solubility in the organic phase increases. Complete separation can be achieved continuously by use of countercurrent exchange methods. The elements can also be separated by ion-exchange chromatography, making use of the fact that the stability constant for formation of EDTA complexes increases for log K ≍ 15.5 for [La(EDTA)]- to log K ≍ 19.8 for [Lu(EDTA)]-.[6] The process, involving two columns, is described in detail in Greenwood & Earnshaw[7]

Ce(IV) is a useful oxidising agent, and Eu(II) is a useful reducing agent. The trivalent lanthanides mostly form ionic salts. The trivalent ions are hard acceptors and form more stable complexes with oxygen-donor ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands. The larger ions are 9-coordinate in aqueous solution, [Ln(H2O)9]3+ but the smaller ions are 8-coordinate, [Ln(H2O)8]3+. There is some evidence that the later lanthanides have more water molecules in the second coordination sphere.[8] Complexation with monodentate ligands is generally weak because it is difficult to displace water molecules from the first coordination sphere. Stronger complexes are formed with chelating ligands because of the chelate effect.

[edit] Magnetic and spectroscopic properties

All the trivalent lanthanide ions, except lutetium, have unpaired f electrons. However the magnetic moments deviate considerably from the spin-only values because of strong spin-orbit coupling. The maximum number of unpaired electrons is 7, in Gd3+, with a magnetic moment of 7.94 B.M., but the largest magnetic moments, at 10.4-10.7 B.M., are exhibited by Dy3+ and Ho3+. However, in Gd3+ all the electrons have parallel spin and this property is important for the use of gadolinium complexes as contrast reagent in MRI scans.

A solution of 4% holmium oxide in 10% perchloric acid, permanently fused into a quartz cuvette as a wavelength calibration standard

Crystal field splitting is rather small for the lanthanide ions and is less important than spin-orbit coupling in regard to energy levels.[9] Transitions of electrons between f orbitals are forbidden by the Laporte rule. Furthermore, because of the "buried" nature of the f orbitals, coupling with molecular vibrations is weak. Consequently the spectra of lanthanide ions are rather weak and the absorption bands are similarly narrow. Glass containing holmium oxide and holmium oxide solutions (usually in perchloric acid) have sharp optical absorption peaks in the spectral range 200–900 nm and can be used as a wavelength calibration standard for optical spectrophotometers,[10] and are available commercially.[11]

As f-f transitions are Laporte-forbidden, once an electron has been excited, decay to the ground state will be slow. This makes them suitable for use in lasers as it makes the population inversion easy to achieve. The Nd:YAG laser is one that is widely used. Lanthanide ions are also fluorescent as a result of the forbidden nature of f-f transitions. Europium-doped yttrium vanadate was the first red phosphor to enable the development of colour television screens.[12]

[edit] Organometallic chemistry

Metal-carbon σ bonds are found in alkyls of the lanthanide elements such as [LnMe6]3- and Ln[CH(SiMe3)3].[13] The cyclopentadiene complexes, of formula [Ln(C5H5)3] and [Ln(C5H5)2Cl] may have η-1, η-2, and η-5 rings. Analogues to uranocene are formed with the cyclo-octadienide ion, C8H82- which is a Hückel's rule aromatic ring.

[edit] Geochemistry

Main article: Rare earth element#Geological distribution

The lanthanide contraction is responsible for the great geochemical divide that splits the lanthanides into light and heavy-lanthanide enriched minerals, the latter being almost inevitably associated with and dominated by yttrium. This divide is reflected in the first two "rare earths" that were discovered: yttria (1794) and ceria (1803). The geochemical divide has put more of the light lanthanides in the Earth's crust, but more of the heavy members in the Earth's mantle. The result is that although large rich ore-bodies are found that are enriched in the light lanthanides, correspondingly large ore-bodies for the heavy members are few. The principal ores are monazite and bastnaesite. Monazite sands usually contain all the lanthanide elements, but the heavier elements are lacking in bastnaesite. The lanthanides obey the Oddo-Harkins rule - odd-numbered elements are less abundant than their even-numbered neighbours.

Three of the lanthanide elements have radioactive isotopes with long half-lives (138La, 147Sm and 176Lu) that can be used to date minerals and rocks from Earth, the Moon and meteorites.[14]

[edit] Biological effects

Lanthanides entering the human body due to exposure to various industrial processes can affect metabolic processes. Trivalent lanthanide ions, especially La3+ and Gd3+, can interfere with calcium channels in human and animal cells. Lanthanides can also alter or even inhibit the action of various enzymes.[vague] Lanthanide ions found in neurons can regulate synaptic transmission, as well as block some receptors (for example, glutamate receptors).[15]

[edit] Technological applications

The use of lanthanide elements in modern technology has increased dramatically over the past years. Lanthanides are now incorporated into many technological devices, including superconductors, samarium-cobalt and neodymium-iron-boron high-flux rare-earth magnets, magnesium alloys, electronic polishers, refining catalysts and hybrid car components (primarily batteries and magnets).[16] Lanthanide ions are used as the active ions in luminescent materials used in optoelectronics applications, most notably the Nd:YAG laser. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are significant devices in optical-fiber communication systems. Phosphors with lanthanide dopants are also widely used in cathode ray tube technology such as television sets. The earliest color television CRTs had a poor-quality red; europium as a phosphor dopant made good red phosphors possible. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) spheres have been useful as tunable microwave resonators. Lanthanide oxides are mixed with tungsten to improve their high temperature properties for welding, replacing thorium, which was mildly hazardous to work with. Many defense-related products also use lanthanide elements as enhancers. For instance, night vision goggles, rangefinders, the SPY-1 radar used in some Aegis equipped warships, and the propulsion system of Arleigh Burke class destroyers all use rare earth elements in critical capacities.[17]

Most lanthanides are widely used in lasers, and as (co-)dopants in doped-fiber optical amplifiers (e.g. Er-doped fiber amplfiers (EDFAs) which are used as repeaters in the terrestrial and submarine fiber-optic transmission links that carry internet traffic) . These elements deflect ultraviolet and infrared radiation and are commonly used in the production of sunglass lenses. Other applications are summarized in the following table:[4]

引用出處： 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide

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镧：原子序数57，原子量138.9055，元素名 来源于希腊文，原意是“隐蔽”。 镧1839年瑞典化学家莫桑德尔从粗硝酸铈中发现镧，并确认是一种新元素。镧在地壳中的含量为0.00183%，是稀土元素中含量最丰富的一个。镧有两种 天然同位素：镧139和放射性镧138。

目录

基本信息性质发现简介来源作用其他氧化镧氢化镧碳酸镧镧系元素镧石化学元素周期表

基本信息性质发现简介来源作用其他氧化镧

• 氢化镧
• 碳酸镧
• 镧系元素
• 镧石
• 化学元素周期表

展开

编辑本段基本信息

元 素名称：镧（lán） 　　元素符号：La 　　元素英文名称：Lanthanum 　　核内质子数：57 　　核外电子数：57 　　核电核数：57 　　质子质量：9.5361E-26 　　质子相对质量：57.399 　　所属周期：6 　　所属族数：IIIB 　　元素原子量：138.9 　　元素类型：金属 　　原子体积:(立方厘米/摩尔) 　　20.73 　　元素在太阳中的含量:(ppm) 　　0.002 　　元素在海水中的含量:(ppm) 　　太平洋表面 0.0000026 　　地壳中含量：（ppm） 　　32 　　原子序数：57 　　氧化态： 　　Main La+3

编辑本段性质

摩尔质量：139 　　密度：6.7

镧

熔 点：920.0 　　沸点：3469.0 　　外围电子排布：5d1 6s2 　　核外电子排布：2,8,18,18,9,2 　　晶体结构：晶胞为六方晶胞。 　　晶胞参数： 　　a = 377.2 pm 　　b = 377.2 pm 　　c = 1214.4 pm 　　α = 90° 　　β = 90° 　　γ = 120° 　　莫氏硬度：2.5 　　声音在其中的传播速率：（m/S） 　　2475 　　电离能 (kJ /mol) 　　M - M+ 538.1 　　M+ - M2+ 1067 　　M2+ - M3+ 1850 　　M3+ - M4+ 4819 　　M4+ - M5+ 6400 　　M5+ - M6+ 7600 　　M6+ - M7+ 9600 　　M7+ - M8+ 11000 　　M8+ - M9+ 12400 　　M9+ - M10+ 15900 　　颜色和状态：银白色金属 　　原子半径：2.74 　　常见化合价：+3

镧

编辑本段发现

发现人：莫桑德尔 　　发现时间和地点：1839 瑞典 　　发现人：卡尔·古斯塔法·莫桑德尔（Carl·Gustaf·Mosander） 发现年代：1839年

编辑本段简介

银白色的软金属，有延展性。化学性质活泼。易溶于稀酸。在空气中易氧

金属镧

化； 加热能燃烧，生成氧化物和氮化物。在氢气中加热生成氢化物，在热水中反映强烈并放出氢气。镧存在于独居石沙和氟碳铈镧矿中。易溶于稀酸。镧为可锻压、可延 展的银白色金属，质软可用刀切开；熔点921°C，沸点3457°C，密度6.174克/厘米³。镧化学性质活泼，在干燥空气中迅速变暗，在冷水中缓慢腐 蚀，热水中加快；镧可直接与碳、氮、硼、硒、硅、磷、硫、卤素等反应；镧的化合物呈反磁性。高纯氧化镧可用于制造精密透镜；镧镍合金可做储氢材料，六硼化 镧广泛用作大功率电子发射阴极。

编辑本段来源

镧的制备一般由水合氯化镧经脱水后，用金属钙还原，或由无水氯化镧经熔融后电解而制得。 　　在潮湿空气中迅速失去光泽,生成无色化合物,它存在于稀土矿中,通常把它归在稀土族内,是混合稀土的一种主要成分

编辑本段作用

可制合金，亦可做催化剂。 　　因此，常用来制造昂贵的照相机镜头。镧138是放射性的，半衰期为1.1×1011年，曾被试用来治疗癌症。

编辑本段其他

铈和钇被发现后，虽然一些化学家们意识到，它们不是纯净的元素，但是直到它们被发现大约40年后，由于瑞典化学家莫桑德尔等人耐心的分析才把谜解开。

氧化镧

莫 桑德尔是贝齐里乌斯的学生和助手，他对发现和研究稀土元素作出较大贡献。1839年他将硝酸铈加热分解，发现只有一部分溶解在硝酸中。他把溶解的氧化物称 为镧土（lanthana），元素称为lanthanum（镧），元素符号是La，来自希腊文lanthanō（“隐藏”）。 　　镧以及接着发现的铒、铽打开了发现稀土元素的第二道大门，是发现稀土元素的第二阶段。他们的发现是继铈和钇两个元素后又找到稀土元素中的三个。

编辑本段氧化镧

名 称： 氧化镧;lanthanum oxide 　　资料： La2O3 分子量325．84 　　白色无定形粉末。密度6．51g/cm3。 　　熔点2217℃。沸点4200℃。微溶于水，易溶于酸而生成相应的盐类。露置空气中易吸收二氧化碳和水，逐渐变成碳酸镧。灼烧的氧化镧与水化合放出大 量的热。 　　应用领域：主要用于制造制特种合金精密光学玻璃、高折射光学纤维板，适合做

氧化镧

摄影机、照 相机、显微镜镜头和高级光学仪器棱镜等。还用了制造陶瓷电容器、压电陶瓷掺入剂和X射线发光材料溴氧化镧粉等。由磷铈镧矿砂萃取或由灼烧碳酸镧或硝酸镧而 得。也可以由镧的草酸盐加热分解可以制得。用作多种反应的催化剂，如掺杂氧化镉时催化一氧化碳的氧化反应，掺杂钯时催化一氧化碳加氢生成甲烷的反应。浸渗 入氧化锂或氧化锆(1％)的氧化镧可用于制造铁氧体磁体。是甲烷氧化偶联生成乙烷和乙烯的非常有效的选择性催化剂。用于改进钛酸钡(BaTiO3)、钛酸 锶(SrTiO3)铁电体的温度相依性和介电性质，以及制造纤维光学器件和光学玻璃。

编辑本段氢化镧

lanthanum hydride

氯化镧

分 子式： LaH1.95～3 　　性质：二氢化镧具有立方结构、三氢化镧为面心立方结构LaH2的磁性比金属镧略下降，而LaH3为抗磁性。LaH2，LaH3导电性能低于金属La。 用金属镧和H2直接反应可制取镧的氢化物。镧与铁、镍、钴形成的合金和氢形成的化合物可以制备贮氢材料。

编辑本段碳酸镧

名 称碳酸镧;lanthanum carbonate 　　资料:分子式：La2(CO3)•8H2O 　　性质：一般均含有一定的水合水分子。是斜方晶系，能和大多数酸反应，在25℃水中溶解度2.38×10-7mol/L。在900℃时可热分解为三氧化 二镧。在热分解过程可产生碱式盐La2O3•2CO2•2H2O。碳酸镧可与碱金属碳酸盐生成可溶于水的碳酸复盐 La2(CO3)3•Na2SO4•nH2O。向可溶性的镧盐的稀溶液中加入略过量碳酸铵即可制得碳酸镧沉淀。

编辑本段镧系元素

镧 系元素：lanthanide element，周期系ⅢB族中原子序数为 　　57～71的15种化学元素的统称。包括镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥， 它们都是稀土元素的成员。 镧系元素通常是银白色有光泽的金属，比较软，有延展性并具有顺磁性。镧系元素的化学性质比较活泼。新切开的有光泽的金属在空气中迅速变暗，表面形成一层氧 化膜，它并不紧密，会被进一步氧化，金属加热至200～400℃生成氧化物。金属与冷水缓慢作用，与热水反应剧烈，产生氢气， 溶于酸，不溶于碱。金属在200℃以上在卤素中剧烈燃烧，在1000℃以上生成氮化物，在室温时缓慢吸收氢，300℃时迅速生成氢化物。镧系元素是比铝还 要活泼的强还原剂，在150～180℃着火。镧系元素最外层（6S)的电子数不变，都是2。而镧原子核有57个电荷，从镧到镥，核电荷增至71个，使原子 半径和离子半径逐渐收缩，这种现象称为镧系收缩。由于镧系收缩，这15种元素的化合物的性质很相似，氧化物和氢氧化物在水中溶解度较小、碱性较强，氯化 物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐易溶于水，草酸盐、氟化物、碳酸盐、磷酸盐难溶于水。

编辑本段镧石

lanthanite ，分子式：(La,Ce)2[CO3]3•8H2O，性质：斜方晶系。晶体呈板状；通常成细粒状及土状集合体。颜色灰白、淡红或淡黄色。莫氏硬度 2.5～3。相对密度2.605。珍珠光泽，土状者光泽暗淡。偶尔与其他稀土碳酸盐矿物相伴，产于某些蚀变石灰岩内。是提炼镧、铈元素来源之一。

引用出處： 

 http://baike.baidu.com/view/38414.htm

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.

目前的航空產品零件突出表現為多品種小批量、工藝過 程複雜，並且廣泛採用整體薄壁結構和難加工材料，因此製造過程中普遍存在製造週期長、材料切除量 大、加工效率低以及加工變形嚴重等瓶頸。為了提高航空複雜產品的加工效率和加工精度，工藝人員一直在尋求更為高效精密的加工工藝方法。車銑複合加工設備的 出現為提高航空零件的加工精度和效率提供了一種有效解決方案。

與常規數控加工工藝相比，複合加工具有的突出優勢主要表現在以下幾個方面。

（1）縮短產品製造工藝鏈，提高生產效率。

車銑複合加工可以實現一次裝卡完成全部或者大部分加工工序，從而大大縮短產品製造工藝鏈。這樣一方面減少了由於裝卡改變導致的生產輔助時間，同時也減少了工裝卡具製造週期和等待時間，能夠顯著提高生產效率。

（2）減少裝夾次數，提高加工精度。

裝卡次數的減少避免了由於定位基準轉化而導致的誤差積累。同時，目前的車銑複合加工設備大都具有線上檢測的功能，可以實現製造過程關鍵資料的在位檢測和精度控制，從而提高產品的加工精度。

（3）減少占地面積，降低生產成本。

雖然車銑複合加工設備的單台價格比較高，但由於製造工藝鏈的縮短和產品所需設備的減少，以及工裝夾具數量、車間占地面積和設備維護費用的減少，能夠有效降低總體固定資產的投資、生產運作和管理的成本。

複合加工的關鍵技術

儘 管複合加工具有常規單一加工無法比擬的優勢，但實際上目前在航空製造領域裏車銑複合加工的利用率並未得到充分發揮。其關鍵原因在於車銑複合加工在 航空製造領域的應用時間還比較短，適用於航空零件結構工藝特性的車銑複合加工工藝、數控編程技術、後置處理以及仿真技術尚處於摸索階段。為了充分發揮車銑 複合加工設備的效能，提高產品的加工效率和精度，必須全面攻克和解決上述關鍵基礎，並實現集成化應用。

1 車銑複合加工的工藝技術

與常規加工設備不同的是，一台車銑複合加工中心實際上相當於一條生產線。如何根據零件工藝特性和車銑複合加工的工藝特點制定合理的工藝路線、裝卡方法和選用合理的刀具是實現高效精密加工的關鍵。

工 序集中是複合加工最為鮮明的工藝特點。因此，科學合理的工藝路線是提高車銑複合加工效率和精度的關鍵因素。以瑞士寶美公司的S192F 銑車複合加工中心為例，該機床具有五軸銑、車削、鏜削、鑽孔、鋸斷以及自動進料等功能，採用FANUC 31i 數控系統，具有刀矢平滑、超強前瞻、高速插補等功能，特別適合軸類、回轉類等零件的高速精密加工。在航空葉輪加工中，該加工中心具有突出的優勢。當採用棒 料作為葉輪毛坯時，常規的葉輪加工工藝路線首先利用數控車床車削葉輪外部輪廓，然後精車加工基準；在此基礎上利用五軸數控加工中心進行開槽、粗加工、半精 加工以及型面和輪轂的精加工；最後在五軸加工中心或鑽孔設備上進行孔加工。而採用S192F 銑車加工中心不僅可以通過一次裝卡完成上述工藝的全部加工，而且當採用棒料進行加工時還可以通過鋸斷、自動送料等功能實現葉輪的批量加工，整個過程無需人 工干預可以全部自動完成。其工藝路線的設置可採用如下方式：主軸裝卡棒料→粗車葉輪外部輪廓→精車外部輪廓→五軸銑削開槽→流道粗加工→流道半精加工→流 道精加工→鑽孔→背主軸裝卡→車削葉輪底部平面→鑽孔。可以看出，一次裝卡即完成全部葉輪加工工序，加工效率及精度可以得到大幅提高。

對 於具有雙刀架的車銑加工中心，雙刀塔的設備都具有雙通道的控制系統，上下刀架可單獨控制，同步加工可以通過代碼中的同步語句來實現。為充分發揮設 備的加工能力，可以在加工條件允許的前提下，通過雙刀架的同步操作實現零件的多個工序同時加工。可以通過上下刀架的同步設置，在粗車外形的同時完成內孔的 粗鏜加工，從而進一步提高加工效率。通過上下刀架的同步運動，完成一系列孔的加工，不僅提高了加工的效率，同時還可以通過鑽孔軸向力的相互抵消來減少工件 變形的影響。為實現這種功能，需要在前期工藝設計的時候對工藝方案進行系統深入的研究，確定工藝路線的串列和並行順序，並通過對加工程式的合理組合實現上 述功能。

資料來源：中國金屬加工網

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！  

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com  bw@tool-tool.com  www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com/ / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS  DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc.  www.tool-tool.com

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。   

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт  www.tool-tool.com  для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web  www.tool-tool.com  for more info.