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Classical logic English www.tool-tool.com

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Classical logic identifies a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used. They are characterised by a number of properties^[1]; non-classical logics are those that lack one or more of these properties, which are:

Law of the excluded middle and Double negative elimination;
Law of noncontradiction;
Monotonicity of entailment and Idempotency of entailment;
Commutativity of conjunction;
De Morgan duality: every logical operator is dual to another.

Classical logic is bivalent, i.e. it uses only Boolean-valued functions. And while not entailed by the preceding conditions, contemporary discussions of classical logic normally only include propositional and first-order logics.^[2]^[3]

[edit] Examples of classical logics

Aristotle's Organon introduces his theory of syllogisms, which is a logic with a restricted form of judgments: assertions take one of four forms, All Ps are Q, Some Ps are Q, No Ps are Q, and Some Ps are not Q. These judgments find themselves if two pairs of two dual operators, and each operator is the negation of another, relationships that Aristotle summarised with his square of oppositions. Aristotle explicitly formulated the law of the excluded middle and law of non-contradiction in justifying his system, although these laws cannot be expressed as judgments within the syllogistic framework.

George Boole's algebraic reformulation of logic, his system of Boolean logic;

The first-order logic found in Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift.

[edit] Non-classical logics

Computability logic is a semantically constructed formal theory of computability, as opposed to classical logic, which is a formal theory of truth; integrates and extends classical, linear and intuitionistic logics.
Fuzzy logic rejects the law of the excluded middle and allows as a truth value any real number between 0 and 1.
Intuitionistic logic rejects the law of the excluded middle, double negative elimination, and the De Morgan's laws;
Linear logic rejects idempotency of entailment as well;
Modal logic extends classical logic with non-truth-functional ("modal") operators.
Paraconsistent logic (e.g., dialetheism and relevance logic) rejects the law of noncontradiction;
Relevance logic, linear logic, and non-monotonic logic reject monotonicity of entailment;

In Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism, Susan Haack divided non-classical logics into deviant, quasi-deviant, and extended logics.^[3]

[edit] References

^ Gabbay, Dov, (1994). 'Classical vs non-classical logic'. In D.M. Gabbay, C.J. Hogger, and J.A. Robinson, (Eds), Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, volume 2, chapter 2.6. Oxford University Press.
^ Shapiro, Stewart (2000). Classical Logic. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [Web]. Stanford: The Metaphysics Research Lab. Retrieved October 28, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
^ ^a ^b Haack, Susan, (1996). Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

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May 24 Sat 2008 11:24
Intuitionistic logic English www.tool-tool.com

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Intuitionistic logic, or constructivist logic, is the symbolic logic system originally developed by Arend Heyting to provide a formal basis for Brouwer's programme of intuitionism. The system preserves justification, rather than truth, across transformations yielding derived propositions. From a practical point of view, there is also a strong motivation for using intuitionistic logic, since it has the existence property, making it also suitable for other forms of mathematical constructivism.

[edit] Syntax

Intuitionistic propositional formulas in one variable (aka Rieger–Nishimura lattice)

The syntax of formulæ of intuitionistic logic is similar to propositional logic or first-order logic. However, intuitionistic connectives are not interdefinable in the same way as in classical logic, hence their choice matters. In intuitionistic propositional logic it is customary to use →, ∧, ∨, ⊥ as the basic connectives, treating ¬ as the abbreviation ¬A = (A → ⊥). In intuitionistic first-order logic both quantifiers ∃, ∀ are needed.

Many tautologies of classical logic can no longer be proven within intuitionistic logic. Examples include not only the law of excluded middle p ∨ ¬p, but also Peirce's law ((p → q) → p) → p, and even double negation elimination. In classical logic, both p → ¬¬p and also ¬¬p → p are theorems. In intuitionistic logic, only the former is a theorem: double negation can be introduced, but it cannot be eliminated.

The observation that many classically valid tautologies are not theorems of intuitionistic logic leads to the idea of weakening the proof theory of classical logic.

[edit] Sequent calculus

Main article: sequent calculus

Gentzen discovered that a simple restriction of his system LK (his sequent calculus for classical logic) results in a system which is sound and complete with respect to intuitionistic logic. He called this system LJ.

[edit] Hilbert-style calculus

Intuitionistic logic can be defined using the following Hilbert-style calculus. Compare with the deduction system at Propositional calculus#Alternative calculus.

In propositional logic, the inference rule is modus ponens

MP: from φ and φ → ψ infer ψ

and the axioms are

THEN-1: φ → (χ → φ)
THEN-2: (φ → (χ → ψ)) → ((φ → χ) → (φ → ψ))
AND-1: φ ∧ χ → φ
AND-2: φ ∧ χ → χ
AND-3: φ → (χ → (φ ∧ χ))
OR-1: φ → φ ∨ χ
OR-2: χ → φ ∨ χ
OR-3: (φ → ψ) → ((χ → ψ) → (φ ∨ χ → ψ))
FALSE: ⊥ → φ

To make this a system of first-order predicate logic, the generalization rules

∀-GEN: from ψ → φ infer ψ → (∀x φ), if x is not free in ψ
∃-GEN: from φ → ψ infer (∃x φ) → ψ, if x is not free in ψ

are added, along with the axioms

PRED-1: (∀x φ(x)) → φ(t), if no free occurrence of x in φ is bound by a quantifier quantifying a variable occurring in the term t
PRED-2: φ(t) → (∃x φ(x)), with the same restriction as for PRED-1

[edit] Optional connectives

[edit] Negation

If one wishes to include a connective ¬ for negation rather than consider it an abbreviation for φ → ⊥, it is enough to add:

NOT-1′: (φ → ⊥) → ¬φ
NOT-2′: ¬φ → (φ → ⊥)

There are a number of alternatives available if one wishes to omit the connective ⊥ (false). For example, one may replace the three axioms FALSE, NOT-1′, and NOT-2′ with the two axioms

NOT-1: (φ → χ) → ((φ → ¬χ) → ¬φ)
NOT-2: φ → (¬φ → χ)

as at Propositional calculus#Axioms. Alternatives to NOT-1 are (φ → ¬χ) → (χ → ¬φ) or (φ → ¬φ) → ¬φ.

[edit] Equivalence

The connective ↔ for equivalence may be treated as an abbreviation, with φ ↔ χ standing for (φ → χ) ∧ (χ → φ). Alternatively, one may add the axioms

IFF-1: (φ ↔ χ) → (φ → χ)
IFF-2: (φ ↔ χ) → (χ → φ)
IFF-3: (φ → χ) → ((χ → φ) → (φ ↔ χ))

IFF-1 and IFF-2 can, if desired, be combined into a single axiom (φ ↔ χ) → ((φ → χ) ∧ (χ → φ)) using conjunction.

[edit] Relation to classical logic

The system of classical logic is obtained by adding any one of the following axioms:

φ ∨ ¬φ (Law of the excluded middle. May also be formulated as (φ → χ) → ((¬φ → χ) → χ).)
¬¬φ → φ (Double negation elimination)
((φ → χ) → φ) → φ (Peirce's law)

In general, one may take as the extra axiom any classical tautology that is not valid in the two-element Kripke frame $\circ{\longrightarrow}\circ$ (in other words, that is not included in Smetanich's logic).

[edit] Non-interdefinability of operators

In classical propositional logic, it is possible to take one of conjunction, disjunction, or implication as primitive, and define the other two in terms of it together with negation, such as in Łukasiewicz's three axioms of propositional logic. It is even possible to define all four in terms of a sole sufficient operator such as the Peirce arrow (NOR) or Sheffer stroke (NAND). Similarly, in classical first-order logic, one of the quantifiers can be defined in terms of the other and negation.

These are fundamentally consequences of the law of bivalence, which makes all such connectives merely boolean functions. The law of bivalence does not hold in intuitionistic logic, only the law of non-contradiction. As a result none of the basic connectives can be dispensed with, and the above axioms are all necessary. Most of the classical identities are only theorems of intuitionistic logic in one direction, although some are theorems in both directions. They are as follows:

Conjunction versus disjunction:

$(\phi \wedge \psi) \to \neg (\neg \phi \vee \neg \psi)$
$(\phi \vee \psi) \to \neg (\neg \phi \wedge \neg \psi)$
$(\neg \phi \vee \neg \psi) \to \neg (\phi \wedge \psi)$
$(\neg \phi \wedge \neg \psi) \leftrightarrow \neg (\phi \vee \psi)$

Conjunction versus implication:

$(\phi \wedge \psi) \to \neg (\phi \to \neg \psi)$
$(\phi \to \psi) \to \neg (\phi \wedge \neg \psi)$
$(\phi \wedge \neg \psi) \to \neg (\phi \to \psi)$
$(\phi \to \neg \psi) \leftrightarrow \neg (\phi \wedge \psi)$

Disjunction versus implication:

$(\phi \vee \psi) \to (\neg \phi \to \psi)$
$(\neg \phi \vee \psi) \to (\phi \to \psi)$
$\neg (\phi \to \psi) \to \neg (\neg \phi \vee \psi)$
$\neg (\phi \vee \psi) \leftrightarrow \neg (\neg \phi \to \psi)$

Universal versus existential quantification:

$(\forall x \ \phi(x)) \to \neg (\exist x \ \neg \phi(x))$
$(\exist x \ \phi(x)) \to \neg (\forall x \ \neg \phi(x))$
$(\exist x \ \neg \phi(x)) \to \neg (\forall x \ \phi(x))$
$(\forall x \ \neg \phi(x)) \leftrightarrow \neg (\exist x \ \phi(x))$

So, for example, "a or b" is a stronger statement than "if not a, then b", whereas these are classically interchangeable. On the other hand, "neither a nor b" is equivalent to "not a, and also not b".

If we include equivalence in the list of connectives, some of the connectives become definable from others:

$(\phi\leftrightarrow \psi) \leftrightarrow ((\phi \to \psi)\land(\psi\to\phi))$
$(\phi\to\psi) \leftrightarrow ((\phi\lor\psi) \leftrightarrow \psi)$
$(\phi\to\psi) \leftrightarrow ((\phi\land\psi) \leftrightarrow \phi)$
$(\phi\land\psi) \leftrightarrow ((\phi\to\psi)\leftrightarrow\phi)$
$(\phi\land\psi) \leftrightarrow (((\phi\lor\psi)\leftrightarrow\psi)\leftrightarrow\phi)$

In particular, {∨, ↔, ⊥} and {∨, ↔, ¬} are complete bases of intuitionistic connectives.

As shown by Kuznetsov, either of the following defined connectives can serve the role of a sole sufficient operator for intuitionistic logic:^[1]

$((p\lor q)\land\neg r)\lor(\neg p\land(q\leftrightarrow r)),$
$p\to(q\land\neg r\land(s\lor t)).$

[edit] Semantics

The semantics are rather more complicated than for the classical case. A model theory can be given by Heyting algebras or, equivalently, by Kripke semantics.

[edit] Heyting algebra semantics

In classical logic, we often discuss the truth values that a formula can take. The values are usually chosen as the members of a Boolean algebra. The meet and join operations in the Boolean algebra are identified with the ∧ and ∨ logical connectives, so that the value of a formula of the form A ∧ B is the meet of the value of A and the value of B in the Boolean algebra. Then we have the useful theorem that a formula is a valid sentence of classical logic if and only if its value is 1 for every valuation—that is, for any assignment of values to its variables.

A corresponding theorem is true for intuitionistic logic, but instead of assigning each formula a value from a Boolean algebra, one uses values from a Heyting algebra, of which Boolean algebras are a special case. A formula is valid in intuitionistic logic if and only if it receives the value of the top element for any valuation on any Heyting algebra.

It can be shown that to recognize valid formulas, it is sufficient to consider a single Heyting algebra whose elements are the open subsets of the real line R.^[2] In this algebra, the ∧ and ∨ operations correspond to set intersection and union, and the value assigned to a formula A → B is int(A^C ∪ B), the interior of the union of the value of B and the complement of the value of A. The bottom element is the empty set ∅, and the top element is the entire line R. Negation is as usual defined as ¬A = A → ∅, so the value of ¬A reduces to int(A^C), the interior of the complement of the value of A, also known as the exterior of A. With these assignments, intuitionistically valid formulas are precisely those that are assigned the value of the entire line.^[2]

For example, the formula ¬(A ∧ ¬A) is valid, because no matter what set X is chosen as the value of the formula A, the value of ¬(A ∧ ¬A) can be shown to be the entire line:

Value(¬(A ∧ ¬A)) =

int((Value(A ∧ ¬A))^C) =

int((Value(A) ∩ Value(¬A))^C) =

int((X ∩ int((Value(A))^C))^C) =

int((X ∩ int(X^C))^C)

A theorem of topology tells us that int(X^C) is a subset of X^C, so the intersection is empty, leaving:

int(∅^C) = int(R) = R

So the valuation of this formula is true, and indeed the formula is valid.

But the law of the excluded middle, A ∨ ¬A, can be shown to be invalid by letting the value of A be {y : y > 0 }. Then the value of ¬A is the interior of {y : y ≤ 0 }, which is {y : y <>y : y > 0 } and {y : y <>y : y ≠ 0 }, not the entire line.

The interpretation of any intuitionistically valid formula in the infinite Heyting algebra described above results in the top element, representing true, as the valuation of the formula, regardless of what values from the algebra are assigned to the variables of the formula.^[2] Conversely, for every invalid formula, there is an assignment of values to the variables that yields a valuation that differs from the top element.^[3]^[4] No finite Heyting algebra has both these properties.^[2]

[edit] Kripke semantics

Main article: Kripke semantics

Building upon his work on semantics of modal logic, Saul Kripke created another semantics for intuitionistic logic, known as Kripke semantics or relational semantics

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Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’Edge modifying knife’Solid carbide saw blade-V type’V-type locking-special use for PC board’Metal Slitting Sawa’Carbide Side milling Cutters’Carbide Side Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide Machine Reamers’High speed reamer-standard type’High speed reamer-long type’’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘V-type locking-special use for PC board ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mil

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May 24 Sat 2008 11:12
气相沉积www.tool-tool.com

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化学气相淀积[CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)]，指把含有构成薄膜元素的气态反应剂或液态反应剂的蒸气及反应所需其它气体引入反应室，在衬底表面发生化学反应生成薄膜的过程。在超大规模集成电路中很多薄膜都是采用CVD方法制备。

CVD特点：淀积温度低，薄膜成份易控，膜厚与淀积时间成正比，均匀性，重复性好，台阶覆盖性优良。

化学气相沉积（CVD）
将工件置于反应室中，抽真空并加热至900~1100℃。如要涂覆TiC层，则将钛以挥发性氯化物（如TiCl4)与气体碳氢化合物（如CH4）一起通入反应室内，这时就会在工表面发生化学反应生成TiC，并沉积在工件表面形成6~8μm厚的覆盖层。工件经气相沉积镀覆后，再进行淬火，回火处理，表面硬度可达到2000~4000HV

物理气相沉积（PVD）
物理气相沉积是通过蒸发，电离或溅射等过程，产生金属粒子并与反应气体反应形成化合物沉积在工件表面。物理气象沉积方法有真空镀，真空溅射和离子镀三种，目前应用较广的是离子镀。
离子镀是借助于惰性气体辉光放电，使镀料（如金属钛）气化蒸发离子化，离子经电场加速，以较高能量轰击工件表面，此时如通入CO2，N2等反应气体，便可在工件表面获得TiC,TiN覆盖层，硬度高达2000HV。离子镀的重要特点是沉积温度只有500℃左右，且覆盖层附着力强，适用于高速钢工具，热锻模等。

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個人分類：學術研究

May 24 Sat 2008 10:48
数控工艺员复习题www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

数控工艺员复习题1、主辅在转动时若有一定的径向圆跳动，则工件加工后会产生结合度的误差。
是否
2、步进电机在输入一个脉冲时所转过的角度称为步距角。(是)
是否
3、基准不重合误差由前后设计基准不同而引起。(否)
是否
4、如果后置设置的参数如上，程序尾中宏指令的编写是$G90 $DCMP_OFF Z200.0
$SPN_OFF@COOL_OFF@$PRO_STOP则产生程序的结尾处应该是(D)。
A. G90 G40 Z200.0 M05；
M30；
B. G90 Z200.0 M09;
M05；
M30；
C. G90 Z200.0 M09*
M30*
D.G90 G40 Z200.0 M05*
M09*
M30*
5、对称度要求较高的台阶面，通常采用换面法加工。
是否
6、铣削直角沟槽时,若三面刃铣刀轴向摆差较大,铣出的槽宽会小于铣刀宽度。
是否
7、粗磨的工序余量为( D )mm。
A .2.l B l. l
C. 0.79 D. 0.3
8、分度盘(孔盘)的作用是解决非整转数的分度。(是)
是否
9、为消除粗加工的内应力，精加工常在( D )进行。
A.回火处理后 B.回火处理前
C.淬火处理后 D.退火处理后
10、机床空气干燥器必须( A )检查。
A.每半年 B.每两年
C.每月 D.每三年
11、在精加工和半精加工时一般要留加工余量，下列半精加工余量中( B )相对更为合理。
A.10mm B.0.5mm
C. 0.01mm D.0 005mm
12、用于主轴旋转速度控制的代码是( C )
A .T B. G C.S
13、切削力可分解为主切削力Fc、切深抗力Fp和进给抗力Ff，其中消耗功率最大的力是
( B )。
A.进给抗力Ff B.主切削力Fc
C.切深抗力Fp D.不确定
14、钢材淬火后获得的组织大部分为( C )。
A.洛氏体 B.奥氏体
C.马氏体 D.索氏体
15、测量孔的深度时，应选用圆规。(否)
是否
16、在加工中心上加工箱体类零件时，工序安排的原则之一是( A )
A．当既有面又有孔时，应先铣面，再加工孔
B．在孔系加工时应先加工小孔，再加工大孔
C．在孔系加工时，一般应对一孔粗、精加工完成后，再对其它孔按顺序进行
粗、精加工
D．对跨距较小的同轴孔，应尽可能采用调头加工的方法
17、用盘铣刀在轴类工件表面切痕对刀，其切痕是椭圆形的。
是否
18、（ B ）表示主轴停转的指令。
A .G50 B. M05
C. G66 D. M62
19、顺铣时，作用在工件上的力在进给方向的分力与进给方向相反，因此丝杠轴向间隙对顺
铣无明显影响。
是否
20、( )表示主轴定向停止的指令。
A. M19 B. M18
C. G19 D. M20
2l、曲面加工常用( D )。
A.键槽刀 B.锥形刀
C.盘形刀 D.球形刀，
22、若液压系统压力表出现小于3. 9MPa，则解决的方法是( C )
A.加油 B.调节压力点螺钉
C.调节压力阀 D.清洗
23、由于角度铣刀的刀齿强度较差，容屑槽较小，因此应选择较小的每齿进给量。(是)
是否
24、在额定转速以上，主轴电动机应工作于( A )。
A.恒功率方式 B.恒转矩方式
C.同步控制方式 D.恒转速控制方式
25、在运算指令中，形式为 # i = # j MOD # k代表的意义是( D )。
A.四次方根 B.微分
C.导数 D.取余
26、主轴正转，刀具以进给速度向下运动钻孔，到达孔底位置后，快速退回，这一钻孔指令
是( A )
A .G8l B .G82
C. G83 D .G84
27、下列对数控机床两轴加工解释正确的是( D )。
A.数控机床坐标系只有两个坐标轴
B.数控机床坐标系有两个可以单独移动的坐标轴
C.数控机床坐标系的两个轴可以联动，而主轴固定
D.数控机床坐标系的任意两个轴都可以实现联动
28、纯钢( )。
A.又称铍青钢 B.还有l0％的锌
C.牌号有T1、T2、T3 D.较硬的基体和耐磨的质点
29、当加工程序需使用几把刀时，因为每把刀长度总会有所不同，因而需用( A )。
A.刀具长度补偿 B.刀具半径补偿
C.刀具左补偿 D.刀其右补偿
30、为改善低碳钢加工性能应采用( C )。
A.淬火或回火 B.退火或调质
C.正火 D.调质或回火
3l、当工件基准面与工作台面平行时，应在( B )铣削平行面。
A.立铣上用周铣法 B.卧铣上用周铣法
C.卧铣上用端铣法
32、下列叙述中，除( D )外，均不适于在数控铣床上进行加工。
A.轮廓形状特别复杂或难于控制尺寸的回转体零件
B.箱体零件
C.精度要求高的回转体类零件
D.一般螺纹杆类零件；
33、插补运算的任务是确定刀具的( C )。
A.速度 B.加速度
C.运动轨迹 D.运动距离
34、数控机床的加工动作是由( D )规定的
A.输入装置 B.步进电机
C.伺服系统 D.加工程序
35、基准不重合误差由前后( A )不同而引起。
A.工序基准 B.加工误差
C.工艺误差 D.计算误差
36、主轴噪声增加的原因分析主要包括( B )
A.伺服电动机是否有故障
B.庄轴载荷是否过大
C.主轴定向是否准确
D.变压器有无问题
37、在程序中利用变量进行赋值及处理，使程序具有特殊功能，这种程序叫做小程序。(否)
是否
38、装夹切断加工工件时，应使切断处尽量靠近夹紧点。
是否
39、标注球面时，应在符号前加J。( 否 )
是否
40、铸造内应力是灰铸铁在( )摄氏度从塑性向弹性状态转变时，由于壁厚不均、冷却收
缩不匀而造成的。
A. 620-400 B. 700
C. 180-380 D .120-350
41、刀齿齿背是( A )的铣刀称为铲齿铣刀。
A.阿基米德螺旋线 B.直线
C.折线
42、加工内廓凳零件时，( A )j。
A.要留有精加工余量
B.为保证顺铣，刀具要沿内廓表面顺时针运动
C.有用留有精加工余量
D.为保证顺铣，刀具要沿工件表面左右滑动
43、在运算指令中，形式为 #iI = # i AND #k代表的意义是( )。
A.分数 B.小数
C.倒数 D.逻辑数
44、六点定位原理是在夹其中用定位零件将工件的( A )个自由度都限制，则该元件在空间
的位置就完全确定了。
A. 6 B .4
C .12 D. 16
45、工件应在夹紧后定位。(否)
是否
46、选用可倾虎钳装夹工件，铣削与基准面夹角为a的斜面，当基准面坚固耐用预加工表面
平行时，虎钳转角θ=( )。
A. -90 B. 90-a
C. 180 -а或а
47、可转位铣刀属于( B )铣刀。
A.整体 B.机械夹固式
C.镶齿
48、选择铣削加工的主轴转速的依据( C )
A.一般依赖于机床的特点和用户的经验
B.工件材料与刀具材料
C.机床本身、工件材料、刀具材料、工件的加工精度和表面租糙度
D.由加工时间定额决定
49、成形铣刀为了保证刃磨后齿形不变，一般都采用尖齿结构。
是否
50、在批量生产中，检验键槽宽度是否合格，通常应选用( )检验。
A.塞规 B.游标卡尺
C.内径千分尺
51、特级质量钢的含磷量等于0. 11％。(否)
是否
52、若工件材料为退火15钢，经铣削加工后要求表面粗糙度达到，若要满足此加工要求，
需要( )。
A. 采用高速铣削
B．采用硬质合金刀具
C．铣削前先热处理，增加材料硬度
D．采用高速钢刀具精加工即可
53、在机床通电后，无须检查各开关按钮和键是否正常。(否)
是否
54、具有三维/二维零件尺寸关联和约束功能的软件是( C )
A.AUTOCAD B. MASTERCAM
C.CAXA制造工程师XP D. Pro／E
55、增大锯片铣刀与工件的接触角，减小垂直分力，可减少和防止产生打刀现象.
是否
56、数控加工过程中，一旦出现紧急情况应( B )。
A.迅速关机床电器柜开关
B.迅速按下机床操作面板急停按钮
C.迅速拉下机床总电源
D.迅速请工程师前来处理
57、在变量赋值方方法l中，引数(自变量)J对应的变量是( D )
A. #201 B.#31
C. #21 D#5
58、成组夹具是为单位工件生产定制的。(否)
是否
59、调质处理是( B )。
A.钢件经淬火后再进行退火处理
B.钢件经淬火后再进行高温回火处理
C.钢件经淬火后再进行低温回火处理
D.将铜件加温后保持一定时间，然后置于空气中冷却，
60、减少毛坯误差的办法是增加毛坯的余量。(否)
是否

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、BW捨棄式鑽石V卡刀’BW捨棄式金屬圓鋸片、木工捨棄式金屬圓鋸片、PCD木工圓鋸片、醫療配件刀具設計、汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、全鎢鋼V卡刀-電路版專用’全鎢鋼鋸片、焊刃式側銑刀、焊刃式千鳥側銑刀、焊刃式T型銑刀、焊刃式千鳥T型銑刀、焊刃式螺旋機械鉸刀、全鎢鋼斜邊刀電路版專用、鎢鋼焊刃式高速鉸刀、超微粒鎢鋼機械鉸刀、超微粒鎢鋼定點鑽、焊刃式帶柄角度銑刀、焊刃式螺旋立銑刀、焊刃式帶柄倒角銑刀、焊刃式角度銑刀、焊刃式筒型平面銑刀、木工產業鑽石刀具等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool..com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’Edge modifying knife’Solid carbide saw blade-V type’V-type locking-special use for PC board’Metal Slitting Sawa’Carbide Side milling Cutters’Carbide Side Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide Machine Reamers’High speed reamer-standard type’High speed reamer-long type’’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘V-type locking-special use for PC board ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

beeway 發表在痞客邦留言(0) 人氣()

個人分類：學術研究

May 23 Fri 2008 14:10
Electrical discharge machining English www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

Electrical Discharge Machine

Electrical Discharge Machining (or EDM) is a machining method primarily used for hard metals or those that would be impossible to machine with traditional techniques. One critical limitation, however, is that EDM only works with materials that are electrically conductive, and generaly those materials are ferrous alloys. EDM can cut small or odd-shaped angles, intricate contours or cavities in pre-hardened steel without the need for heat treatment to soften and re-harden them as well as exotic metals such as titanium, hastelloy, kovar, and inconel.

Sometimes referred to as spark machining or spark eroding, EDM is a non-traditional method of removing material by a series of rapidly recurring electric arcing discharges between an electrode (the cutting tool) and the workpiece, in the presence of an energetic electric field. The EDM cutting tool is guided along the desired path very close to the work but it does not touch the piece. Consecutive sparks produce a series of micro-craters on the work piece and remove material along the cutting path by melting and vaporization. The particles are washed away by the continuously flushing dielectric fluid. It is also important to note that a similar micro-crater is formed on the surface of the electrode, the debris from which must also be flushed away. These micro-craters result in the gradual erosion of the electrode, many times necessitating several different electrodes of varying tolerances to be used, or, in the case of wire EDM machining, constant replacement of the wire by feeding from a spool.

There are two main types of EDM machines: Sinker EDM (also called Conventional EDM and Ram EDM) and Wire EDM.

[edit] History

The EDM process was improved by two Russian scientists, Dr. B.R. Lazarenko and Dr. N.I. Lazarenko in 1943.

The first numerically controlled (NC, or computer controlled) EDM was invented by Makino in Japan in 1980.

[edit] Advantages

Some of the advantages of EDM include machining of:

complex shapes that would otherwise be difficult to produce with conventional cutting tools
extremely hard material to very close tolerances
very small work pieces where conventional cutting tools may damage the part from excess cutting tool pressure.

[edit] Disadvantages

Some of the disadvantages of EDM include:

The inability to machine non-conductive materials.
The slow rate of material removal.
The additional time and cost used for creating electrodes for ram / Sinker EDM.
Reproducing sharp corners on the workpiece is difficult due to electrode wear.

[edit] Conventional EDM

[edit] Prototype production

The EDM process is most widely used by the mould-making tool and die industries, but is becoming a common method of making prototype and production parts, especially in the aerospace, automobile and electronics industries in which production quantities are relatively low. In Sinker EDM, a graphite or pure copper electrode is machined into the desired (negative) shape and fed into the workpiece on the end of a vertical ram.

[edit] Coinage die making

For the creation of dies for producing jewelry and badges by the coinage (stamping) process, the positive master may be made from sterling silver, since (with appropriate machine settings) the master is not significantly eroded and is used only once. The resultant negative die is then hardened and used in a drop hammer to produce stamped flats from cutout sheet blanks of bronze, silver, or low proof gold alloy. For badges these flats may be further shaped to a curved surface by another die. This type of EDM is usually performed submerged in an oil-based dielectric. The finished object may be further refined by hard (glass) or soft (paint) enameling and/or electroplated with pure gold or nickel. Softer materials such as silver may be hand engraved as a refinement.

EDM control panel (Hansvedt machine). Machine may be adjusted for a refined surface (electropolish) at end of process.

Master at top, badge die workpiece at bottom, oil jets at left (oil has been drained). Initial flat stamping will be "dapped" to give a curved surface.

[edit] Small hole drilling EDM

Small hole drilling EDM is used to make a through hole in a workpiece in through which to thread the wire in Wire-cut EDM machining. The small hole drilling head is mounted on wire-cut machine and allows large hardened plates to have finished parts eroded from them as needed and without pre-drilling. There are also stand-alone small hole drilling EDM machines with an x–y axis also known as a super drill or hole popper that can machine blind or through holes. EDM Drills bore holes with a long brass or copper tube electrode that rotates in a chuck with a constant flow of distilled or deionized water flowing through the electrode as a flushing agent and dielectric. The electrode tubes operate like the wire in wire-cut EDM machines, having a spark gap and wear rate. Some small-hole drilling EDMs are able to drill through 100 mm of soft or through hardened steel in less than 10 seconds, averaging 50% to 80% wear rate. Holes of 0.3 mm to 6.1 mm can be achieved in this drilling operation. Brass electrodes are easier to machine but are not recommended for wire-cut operations due to eroded brass particles causing "brass on brass" wire breakage, therefore copper is recommended.

[edit] Cavity type EDM (sinker EDM)

Cavity type EDM is also known as Sinker EDM. Sinker EDM consists of an electrode and workpiece that are submerged in an insulating liquid such as oil. The electrode and workpiece are connected to a suitable power supply. The power supply generates an electrical potential between the two parts. As the electrode approaches the workpiece, dielectric breakdown occurs in the fluid, and a small spark jumps. The resulting heat and cavitation vaporize the base material, and to some extent, the electrode. These sparks strike one at a time in huge numbers at seemingly random locations across the electrode. As the base metal is eroded, and the spark gap subsequently increased, the electrode is lowered automatically by the machine so that the process can continue uninterrupted. Several hundred thousand sparks occur per second in this process, with the actual duty cycle being carefully controlled by the setup parameters. The typical part geometry is to cut small or odd shaped angles. Vertical, orbital, vectorial, directional, helical, conical, rotational, spin and indexing machining cycles are also used. The typical work materials are ferrous alloys. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

[edit] Wire Cut EDM

In wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), or wire-cut EDM, a thin single-strand metal wire, usually brass, is fed through the workpiece, typically occurring submerged in a tank of dielectric fluid. This process is used to cut plates as thick as 300mm and to make punches, tools,and dies from hard metals that are too difficult to machine this other methods. The wire, which is constantly fed from a spool, is held between upper and lower diamond guides. The guides move in the x–y plane, usually being CNC controlled and on almost all modern machines the upper guide can also move independently in the z–u–v axis, giving rise to the ability to cut tapered and transitioning shapes (circle on the bottom square at the top for example) and can control axis movements in x–y–u–v–i–j–k–l–. This gives the wire-cut EDM the ability to be programmed to cut very intricate and delicate shapes. The wire is controlled by upper and lower diamond guides that are usually accurate to 0.004 mm, and can have a cutting path or kerf as small as 0.12 mm using Ø 0.1 mm wire, though the average cutting kerf that achieves the best economic cost and machining time is 0.335 mm using Ø 0.25 brass wire. The reason that the cutting width is greater than the width of the wire is because sparking also occurs from the sides of the wire to the work piece, causing erosion. This "overcut" is necessary, predictable, and easily compensated for. Spools of wire are typically very long. For example, an 8 kg spool of 0.25 mm wire is just over 19 kilometers long. Today, the smallest wire diameter is 20 micrometres and the geometry precision is not far from +/- 1 micrometre. The wire-cut process uses water as its dielectric with the water's resistivity and other electrical properties carefully controlled by filters and de-ionizer units. The water also serves the very critical purpose of flushing the cut debris away from the cutting zone. Flushing is an important determining factor in the maximum feed rate available in a given material thickness, and poor flushing situations necessitate the reduction of the feed rate.

Along with tighter tolerances multiaxis EDM wire-cutting machining center have many added features such as: Multiheads for cutting two parts at the same time, controls for preventing wire breakage, automatic self-threading features in case of wire breakage, and programmable machining strategies to optimize the operation.

Wire-cutting EDM is commonly used when low residual stresses are desired. Wire EDM has no added residual stress because it has no cutting forces. There is little change in the mechanical properties of a material in wire-cutting EDM due to these low residual stresses.

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、BW捨棄式鑽石V卡刀’BW捨棄式金屬圓鋸片、木工捨棄式金屬圓鋸片、PCD木工圓鋸片、醫療配件刀具設計、汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、全鎢鋼V卡刀-電路版專用’全鎢鋼鋸片、焊刃式側銑刀、焊刃式千鳥側銑刀、焊刃式T型銑刀、焊刃式千鳥T型銑刀、焊刃式螺旋機械鉸刀、全鎢鋼斜邊刀電路版專用、鎢鋼焊刃式高速鉸刀、超微粒鎢鋼機械鉸刀、超微粒鎢鋼定點鑽、焊刃式帶柄角度銑刀、焊刃式螺旋立銑刀、焊刃式帶柄倒角銑刀、焊刃式角度銑刀、焊刃式筒型平面銑刀、木工產業鑽石刀具等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool..com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’Edge modifying knife’Solid carbide saw blade-V type’V-type locking-special use for PC board’Metal Slitting Sawa’Carbide Side milling Cutters’Carbide Side Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide Machine Reamers’High speed reamer-standard type’High speed reamer-long type’’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘V-type locking-special use for PC board ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、

beeway 發表在痞客邦留言(0) 人氣()

個人分類：學術研究

May 23 Fri 2008 12:27
切削工具材料www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

1923年に発明された超硬合金(WC-Co)は、その後TiC、TaCの添加で耐磨耗性が改善され、1969年にはCVD法によるコーティング技術が開発され、コーテッド超硬合金が急速に普及してきました。

他方、1974年ごろから、カーボナイトライド(TiC-TiN)系サーメットが開発され、今日の「荒切削はコーティング、仕上げ切削はサーメット」の考えが定着しました。

各種硬質物質の特性

硬質物質	かたさ (Hv)	生成自由エネルギー (kcal/g･atom)	鉄への溶解量 (%.1250°C)	熱伝導率 (W/m･k)	熱膨張係数※ (×10^-6/k)	適用工具材料
ダイヤモンド (C)	> 9,000	-	易反応	2,100	3,1	ﾀﾞｲﾔﾓﾝﾄﾞ焼結体
立方晶窒化素硼素 (CBN)	> 4,500	-	-	1,300	4,7	CBN焼結体
窒化珪素 (Si₃N₄)	1,600	-	-	100	3,4	ｾﾗﾐｯｸｽ
酸化アルミニウム (Al₂O₃)	2,100	-100	≒0	29	7,8	ｾﾗﾐｯｸｽｺｰﾃｨﾝｸﾞ
炭化チタン (TiC)	3,200	-35	<>	21	7,4	ｻｰﾒｯﾄｺｰﾃｨﾝｸﾞ超硬合金
窒化チタン (TiN)	2,500	-50	-	29	9,4	ｻｰﾒｯﾄｺｰﾃｨﾝｸﾞ
炭化タンタル (TaC)	1,800	-40	0.5	21	6,3	超硬合金
炭化タングステン (WC)	2,100	-10	7	121	5,2	超硬合金

※1W/m･K=2.39×10^-3cal/cm･sec･ﾟC

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界，首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力，我們是提供專業刀具製造商，應對客戶高品質的刀具需求，我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求，我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質，這是現有相關技術無法比擬的，我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求，包括：精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、BW捨棄式鑽石V卡刀’BW捨棄式金屬圓鋸片、木工捨棄式金屬圓鋸片、PCD木工圓鋸片、醫療配件刀具設計、汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、全鎢鋼V卡刀-電路版專用’全鎢鋼鋸片、焊刃式側銑刀、焊刃式千鳥側銑刀、焊刃式T型銑刀、焊刃式千鳥T型銑刀、焊刃式螺旋機械鉸刀、全鎢鋼斜邊刀電路版專用、鎢鋼焊刃式高速鉸刀、超微粒鎢鋼機械鉸刀、超微粒鎢鋼定點鑽、焊刃式帶柄角度銑刀、焊刃式螺旋立銑刀、焊刃式帶柄倒角銑刀、焊刃式角度銑刀、焊刃式筒型平面銑刀、木工產業鑽石刀具等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計；從微細刀具到大型刀具；從小型生產到大型量產；全自動整合；我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能，我們整體的服務及卓越的技術，恭迎您親自體驗！！

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool..com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Milling cutter、CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’Edge modifying knife’Solid carbide saw blade-V type’V-type locking-special use for PC board’Metal Slitting Sawa’Carbide Side milling Cutters’Carbide Side Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters’Carbide T-Slot Milling Cutters With Staggered Teeth’Carbide Machine Reamers’High speed reamer-standard type’High speed reamer-long type’’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool ‘V-type locking-special use for PC board ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.

ようこそＢｅｗｉｓｅ　Ｉｎｃ.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は：

（１）精密ＨＳＳエンド・ミルのＲ＆Ｄ

（２）Carbide Cutting tools設計

（３）鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計

（４）航空エンド・ミル設計

（５）超高硬度エンド・ミル

（６）ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル

（７）医療用品エンド・ミル設計

（８）自動車部品＆材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は：

（１）生活産業～ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計

（２）ミクロ・エンド・ミル～大型エンド・ミル供給

（３）小Ｌｏｔ生産～大量発注対応供給

（４）オートメーション整備調達

（５）スポット対応～流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

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