Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

用材料力学的原理,可以推导出切削力的理论公式。如假定切削刃绝对锋利,并略去后刀面上的切削力,则由第三章可知(参阅图43):

(48)

式中τ—剪切面上的剪切应力;

hD切削厚度;

bD切削宽度;

β—前刀面与切屑问的摩擦角;

γ0——前角;

φ—剪切角;

ω—作用角,即合力F与切削速度方向之间的夹角,ωβγ0

χ—合力F与剪切面之间的夹角,хφβγ0

根据材料力学试验,真实剪切力τ与应变ε的关系如图4-4,AB段基本上是直线,故

lgτ=lgτs+tgζlgε

τ=τsεn

式中 τs—材料的剪切屈服强度

n—材料的强化系数,n=tgζ,各种钢料的n和τs的具体数据见表4-1

49反映常温低速下,金属材料塑性交形时应力应变的规律。在切削过程中,剪切面温度和变形速度很高,条件当然与普通材料力学试验不同。但许多研究工作证明,这时金属的应力应变规律与式49基本相同[38][48]

因此,可以将式49代入式4-8,得

(4-10)

再以式38、37代入式410,得

(411)

(412)

则式411可以写成

FcτshDbDΩ (413)

显然,Ω是变形系数Λh和前角γ0的函数;χ角随着材料不同在不大的范围内变化,为450左右。

对于含碳量大于0.25%的碳素钢,X500。可以将式412画成图45,表示不同前角下的ΩΛh关系。由图看出,ΩΛh基本上是直线关系,因此可将式412改用下列形式表达:

Ω1.4ΛhC (414)

式中C——ΩΛh线的截距,具体数值见表42

将式414代入式413,得

FcτshDbD (1.4ΛhC)=τsapf(1.4ΛhC) (415)

由式415可以看出各因素对切削力Fc的影响:工件材料的强度增大,即τs增大,但同时Λh将有些下降,故Fc将有所增大,但不与τs成正比例。切削深度ap或切削宽度bD增大时,Fc成比例地增大。进给量f或切削厚度hD增大时,Λh有些下降,故Fc虽有所增大,但不成比例。前角γ0增大时,ΛhC均减小,故Fc显著减小。其他因素(如Vcκr等)的改变,均通过对Λh的影响而影响Fc的大小。

理论公式的优点是能够反映切削力诸因素的内在联系,有助于分析问题;缺点是由于推导公式时简化了许多条件,与实际情况差别较大,因而计算出来的切削力不够精确。目前在实际应用中,大多用经验公式计算切削力。


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